英專學(xué)碩-外語語言學(xué)-考研筆記-3-3
Chapter THREE——「Words and Morphology」
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3-1——「Words」
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3-2——「Morpheme」
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3-3——「Morphology」
3-3-1屈折形態(tài)學(xué)與派生形態(tài)學(xué)[含規(guī)范答題術(shù)語]
(a).屈折變化
(b).詞的復(fù)合
(c).詞的派生
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【名詞解釋】——「Morphology形態(tài)學(xué)」
It is connected with the internal organization of words. It identified the smallest meaningful units in a language, namely morphemes, and looks into the ways that the morphemes are arranged to form words[胡]. 形態(tài)學(xué)，即，研究單詞的內(nèi)部構(gòu)造，研究詞素以及構(gòu)詞過程。
The sounds used in linguistic communication are represented by symbols, i.e. morpheme. The study of the way in which these symbols are arranged and combined to form words has constituted the branch of microlinguistics called「Morphology」[戴].
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[記憶卡片]1.&最小單位morpheme; 2.內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)；3.構(gòu)詞規(guī)則；補(bǔ)充.微觀語言學(xué)分支。
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交叉學(xué)科——「Morphophology形態(tài)音系學(xué)」=「Morphophonemics形態(tài)音系學(xué)」
Morphophonology or Morphophonemics is a branch of linguistics referring the analysis and classification of the phonological factors that affect the appearance of morpheme, and the grammatical factors that affect the appearance of phonemes. It studies the interrelationship between phonology and morphonology.
即分析和歸類發(fā)音對詞素出現(xiàn)的影響！語法對音位出現(xiàn)的影響！
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形態(tài)學(xué)的下分學(xué)科——「Infectional morphology」和「Derivational morphology」
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【名詞解釋】——
「Inflection」refers to the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes. Such as number, tense and case, which doesn’t not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.
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「Derivation」refers to the process to add an affix to an already existing form to create a word, which includes prefixation, suffixation, and even both to forms a word with a meaning or category distinct from that of its bases.
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【名詞解釋】——
「Derivational morphology」, called Word formation, it refers to the process of word variation indicating lexical relationships. It can be further sub-classified into the compound and derivation.
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「Morphological rules」：the ways words are formed are called morphological rules. These rules determine how morphemes combine to form words. Morphological rules reveal the relations between words and provide the means for forming new words.
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「Productive morphological rules」refers that some of the morphological rules can be used quite freely to form new words. E.g. un+accept+able.
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【名詞解釋】——
「Compound」refers to those words which have more than one lexical morpheme, or the way to join two separate words to produce a single form. Compounds can be divided into the endocentric and the exocentric compound.
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「The Endocentric Compound向心復(fù)合詞」refers to a compound which has a center or a head word. E.g. self-control, pain-killer, core meaning, eye-entertaining, bullet-resistant.
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「The Exocentric Compound離心復(fù)合詞」refers to a compound which has no center or head word. E.g. scarecrow稻草人, get-together聚會(huì), take-home實(shí)際的薪水, beat-up破舊的, runaway逃跑的.
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【選填判斷】——
(1)The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meaning of itself parts, e.g. scarecrow.
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(2). 形態(tài)學(xué)規(guī)則可能是能產(chǎn)的，或者不那么能產(chǎn)。
un+adj.=not adj. 這個(gè)規(guī)則看似很實(shí)用，但對于一些詞不適應(yīng)，如錯(cuò)誤的形式，unsad, unbrave. 所以說，有時(shí)候不那么能產(chǎn)。
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(3). 當(dāng)兩個(gè)詞處于同一語法范疇，復(fù)合詞也還會(huì)處于這個(gè)范疇。
E.g. n.+n.→n. landlady.
adj.+adj.→adj. blue-black, icy-cold.
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如果不處于一個(gè)語法范疇，一般來說，后者決定語法范疇，也決定主要意義，除了帶有介詞的復(fù)合詞，也有其它例外。
E.g. v.+n.→n. pickpocket.
adj.+n.→n. self-control
adj.+n.→n. seashore
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[特殊]brother-in-law
[特殊]Knight Templar圣殿騎士
[特殊]passer-by行人
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(4). 復(fù)合詞與非復(fù)合詞有不同的重音規(guī)則。復(fù)合詞的重讀一般在開頭，而散開的組合重音在后者。
E.g. ‘redcoat, ‘greenhouse; red ‘coat, green ‘house.
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(5). /?bl?kb??rd/是教室里老師書寫用的，而/ bl?k?b??rd/是任意一塊黑顏色的板。
同樣，/?bl?kb??rd/是一種特殊的鳥，叫黑鸝。而/bl?k?b??rd/是指任何一只黑顏色的鳥。
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例題賞析1——State the most obvious differences between compounds and verb phrases in English.
food-warmers 與 (I) warmed my feet.
man-eating 與 (She) eats an apple.
brainwash 與 (He was) washing deshes.
haircut 與 (The boy) cuts a piece of paper.
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這題一看，就知道，【開放題】，沒有原文對應(yīng)的復(fù)現(xiàn)。
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其實(shí)，寫寫【前搖】湊湊數(shù)也行，畢竟標(biāo)答就是這樣寫的。
(a). 復(fù)合詞的定義句——Compounds above are made up of more than one lexical morpheme.
(b). 上述所給的復(fù)合詞均屬于向心復(fù)合詞，有中心詞，其展現(xiàn)詞的主要意思。
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【區(qū)別與不同】
(a).詞性不同，同時(shí)，在句子中的語法功能也不同。
(d).單詞數(shù)量不同，前者一個(gè)，后者超過一個(gè)。
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其它有啥感悟，你再展示展示，如果是我的話，我先撤了。
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例題賞析2——Explain the interrelationship between phonology and morphology.
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標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化操作流程，兩個(gè)名詞解釋的默寫。
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然后，內(nèi)在的聯(lián)系！內(nèi)在的聯(lián)系？
目前來說，思路就是聯(lián)系【音系形態(tài)學(xué)】，分析和歸類發(fā)音對詞素出現(xiàn)的影響！語法對音位出現(xiàn)的影響！
表達(dá)一下音系形態(tài)學(xué)的雛形和其基本的思想，但不要答其名詞解釋。
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或者，自己分析。我分析后，當(dāng)默寫就寫了。
(a). 音系學(xué)和形態(tài)學(xué)都是關(guān)于內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)、排列規(guī)律與造詞，一個(gè)是發(fā)音方面，一個(gè)是書寫符號方面。
(b). 書面符號源于口語，同樣形態(tài)學(xué)是音系學(xué)的發(fā)展和派生。
(c). 兩者都是研究最小意義和區(qū)別性意義的單位，如音素、音位、音位變體，詞素、詞位、詞素變體。And to some extent(且一定程度上)，音位與詞素相互之間有對應(yīng)的關(guān)系，如col-, con-, com-或-s, -es的選擇隨后面的字母而定。
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最后，學(xué)習(xí)完【音系學(xué)】后，才有更深刻的理解。
“up為什么音系學(xué)沒更？！”因?yàn)橐粝祵W(xué)其實(shí)可以是一本書，但壓縮成一個(gè)單元就撲朔迷離了，太難學(xué)了- -！還因?yàn)椤疽粝祵W(xué)】在所有章節(jié)中，感覺格格不入！
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例題賞析3——What are phonological conditioned and morphological conditioned form of morpheme?????
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這道題摘抄自戴煒棟《新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教程(第二版)》的配套筆記和課后習(xí)題。
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要么就是除[戴][胡]之外的教材反竄黑，要么就是【開放題】，題目給的信息在[胡][戴]兩本書沒有出處。
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但標(biāo)答是【形態(tài)語言學(xué)】的思路，且給了原話，即phonological factors that affect the appearance of morpheme, and the grammatical factors that affect the appearance of phonemes. 并給了解釋說明。
Ex. “im-”,in”分別用在不同的phonological environment, as in “inefficient”, “imperfect”, as a result of assimilation(同化現(xiàn)象，音系學(xué)的知識點(diǎn)).
復(fù)數(shù)中，“oxen”, “cows”, “feet”是plural morpheme的allomorphs。哎，至于為什么，規(guī)則是什么，不知道，略略略~反正就是說，語法規(guī)則影響了詞素變化！? ??
