注：英語原文取自最古老版本的帝國時(shí)代一的幫助文件中，關(guān)于歷史的文本量相當(dāng)巨大，但在win7系統(tǒng)更新后，以win95為基礎(chǔ)的hlp文件被淘汰，如今已經(jīng)很難找到打開hlp文件的方法。如有大佬能提供支援就好了。

注：因?yàn)樵環(huán)lp文件并未隨著羅馬復(fù)興資料片的更新而更新，所以這個(gè)系列不包含新增的羅馬、迦太基、馬其頓和巴爾米拉文明。

注：因?yàn)槟甏眠h(yuǎn)（1996年左右），很多記述可能已經(jīng)與最新的考古發(fā)現(xiàn)有著顯著的差異。

注：蹩腳英語，翻譯腔，懶得潤色的語句。

注：英語原文放在前面，漢語翻譯放在后面。

更多資料：

世界地理歷史小常識36——黎巴嫩（CV5216992）

世界地理歷史小常識95——突尼斯（CV6329616）

Phoenician culture (1200 BC to 146 BC)

There was never a country or empire called "Phoenicia." The historical name of this culture was coined by the Greeks and was not their own. The name Phoenicia derives from the Greek word phoenix, meaning in this case a dark red or purple-brown color. The Phoenicians were renowned for their cloth dyes, especially an expensive purple one popular with royalty. Because Greek language and writings were preserved in abundance, versus Phoenician texts which are very scant, the name stuck.

Location

The Phoenicians appeared on the historical scene around 1200 BC, a time when most of the civilized world was being overrun by barbarians. In the political and military void of a 400-year ancient dark age, this small group of traders were able to prosper and gradually expand their influence. Instead of acquiring a physical empire of contiguous lands, they gradually built, instead, a large trading and colonial network from their home base of a few independent cities along the coast of what is now Lebanon.They were the remnants of the Canaanites, a Semitic people who occupied city-states in this region prior to 1200 BC. The most important of their early cities were Tyre, Sidon, Berytus (modern Beirut), and Byblos. These coastal cities were hemmed in on the land side by the Lebanon Mountains. The only obvious opportunity for expansion and economic gain was by sea.

Rise to power

Prior to the catastrophe of 1200 BC, Canaanite traders had been restricted to perhaps the Levantine coast, Egypt, and the southern coast of Anatolia. The Minoans on Crete blocked entrance into the Aegean, controlled all trade in that area, and perhaps even controlled trade further west. The Canaanite coastal towns were usually controlled by Egypt, and one of their principal businesses was providing wood (the cedars of Lebanon) to the Nile region.The Minoan civilization was destroyed in 1200 BC, removing most of the constraints on Mediterranean and Aegean sea trading by others. The Phoenicians were the most aggressive of those attempting to fill the void. Their cities were well-positioned for this enterprise by being located literally in the center of the known world. The Aegean, Mesopotamia, and Egypt were all roughly equidistant to the west, south, and east. For any of the three regions to trade with another, the easiest trade route was through the Phoenician cities.By the ninth century BC, the ancient dark age was nearing an end. The Phoenicians were growing rich as traders and this attracted enemies, principally the Assyrians. In the face of repeated assaults or heavy tribute payments at the least, the Tyrians adopted the strategy of establishing colonies to the west. Colonies were removed from the grasp of the Assyrians and also helped with the exploitation of metals and trade in the western Mediterranean.The most important Phoenician colony was at Carthage, established around 700 BC. Other important colonies were in Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, and Spain (modern Cadiz and Cartagena). Over the next 500 years Carthage grew rapidly in size and power. Most of its wealth came from the ore mines of Spain. Carthage fought for control of the western Mediterranean with the Greeks first and then the Romans.

Economy

The early Phoenician economy was built on timber sales, wood working, and cloth dyeing. Dyes ranging in color from a pink to a deep purple were made from the rotting gland of a sea snail. Gradually the Phoenician city-states became centers of maritime trade and manufacturing. Having limited natural resources, they imported raw materials and fashioned them into more valuable objects that could be shipped profitably, such as jewelry, metalwork, furniture, and housewares. They borrowed techniques and styles from all corners of the world that they touched as traders.While exploring the western Mediterranean, they either discovered large metal deposits in Spain or took them from Greeks who may have been there first. By fortifying sites on Sicily and North Africa, they effectively denied other traders access to the riches of Spain, the west African coast (gold, exotic woods, and slaves), and Britain (tin, a crucial strategic resource required to make bronze).

Religion and culture

Phoenician religion was polytheistic and their gods required continual sacrifices to forestall disaster, especially Baal, the god of storms. No significant Phoenician temple has yet been discovered, but most of their ancient cities lie buried under modern cities. The Bible recounts human sacrifices by the Phoenicians but this practice was eventually stopped. It carried on in Carthage, however. A cemetery outside of Carthage was found to contain thousands of urns of infants sacrificed to the gods. Noble families of Carthage got into the habit of substituting animals and slaves for their children, but following a military disaster in 320 BC, 500 infants from the best families were sacrificed.Early Phoenician culture was influenced to a large degree by their Semitic origins and Semitic neighbors. Their later culture was heavily influenced by the Greeks. There are few objects known today that are clearly Phoenician.One of their lasting contributions to civilization was a proto-alphabet where each letter represented a consonant. This cut down significantly the number of symbols required to make written words. When written, the vowels were implied. Later advances by the Greeks added symbols for vowel sounds, creating the first true alphabet.

Military

When the Phoenicians began competing with the Greeks for trade and colonies, the contest led to construction of the first ships built expressly for war. These were rowed galleys armed with a ram at the front and marines for boarding. Sea warfare grew in importance during the fifth century when Persia fought the Greek city-states for control of the Aegean, western Anatolia, and eastern Mediterranean. By this time the Phoenician cities were under control of Persia. Phoenician ships made up the bulk of the Persian fleet that was defeated at Salamis in 480 BC. Phoenician galleys of the time were larger and less maneuverable than their Greek counterparts, and this was a fatal shortcoming in restricted waters.The Carthaginian navy dominated the early Punic Wars with Rome, but the Romans captured a Carthaginian ship that went aground and built duplicates. The Romans eventually cleared the Mediterranean of Carthaginian ships and carried the wars to a successful conclusion in North Africa.The Carthaginians had the only significant land army that can be considered Phoenician in derivation. Their greatest general was Hannibal, who invaded Italy from Spain, passing the Alps in winter with his army and elephants. Most of his troops were Celts enlisted from Spain and Gaul. One strength of his army was cavalry from North Africa that was usually able to drive off the Roman cavalry, surround the Roman infantry, and help annihilate it. The Romans defeated Hannibal eventually, not by fighting him, but by attacking where he wasn't pain first, and then North Africa.

Decline and fall

The Phoenician home cities were periodically under the thumb of one eastern conqueror after another from roughly 900 to 332 BC. They were never strong enough to hold off the powerful armies from Assyria, then Babylon, and then Persia, although they were often rich enough to buy them off. In 332 BC Alexander the Great took them one by one, ending their on-again, off-again independence. They became Greek cities and lost their identity as Phoenician for good.The Carthaginians lasted another 200 years. Having held off Greek expansion past Sicily successfully for many centuries, they met their match in the more populous and better organized Romans. At the end of the Punic Wars in 146 BC, the people of Carthage were carried off to slavery and the city was destroyed.

Legacy

The Phoenician tradition as traders carried on in Lebanon down through the years to modern times, regardless of who was in political control. Phoenicians are also recalled as great mariners. They are believe to have been the first civilized culture to reach Britain and the Azores. There is evidence that Phoenicians circumnavigated Africa on commission by the Egyptians around 600 BC. There is some questionable evidence that they reached the New World.Their most important contribution was their revised alphabet, which they spread around the known world. When further refined and spread by the Greeks and Romans, it became the alphabet used today by most western cultures.

腓尼基文明（公元前1200至公元前146年）

從來沒有任何國家或帝國被稱為“腓尼基”，這種文化的歷史名稱是希臘人創(chuàng)造的，而不是腓尼基文明自己。腓尼基的名字來源于希臘語單詞“Phoenix（鳳凰色）”，在這里意思是深紅色到紫棕色。腓尼基人一其染料而聞名，尤其是這種昂貴的紫色染料，深受皇室喜愛。因?yàn)橄ＥD的語言文字保存得很豐富，而腓尼基的文字卻很少，所以這個(gè)名字一直保留著。

位置

腓尼基人出現(xiàn)在公元前1200年左右，當(dāng)時(shí)大部分文明世界都被野蠻人占領(lǐng)了，在這400年左右的黑暗時(shí)代中，政治軍事一片空白，唯獨(dú)這一小群商人得以繁榮，并逐漸擴(kuò)大了影響力。他們并沒有獲得一個(gè)由鄰接土地組成的實(shí)體帝國，而是從現(xiàn)在的黎巴嫩海岸的幾個(gè)獨(dú)立城市作為總部，逐漸發(fā)展了一個(gè)大型的貿(mào)易殖民網(wǎng)絡(luò)。他們是一個(gè)公元前1200年前占領(lǐng)該地區(qū)城邦的一支閃族人——迦南人的殘余。早期主要的城市有提爾、希爾頓、貝里圖斯（現(xiàn)在的貝魯特）和拜波羅斯（圣經(jīng)由此城市命名）。這些沿海城市被黎巴嫩山脈包圍，唯一的顯而易見的擴(kuò)張和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長途徑就是海洋。

發(fā)展壯大

在公元前1200年的大災(zāi)難之前，迦南商人被限制在埃及的黎凡特海岸和安納托利亞的南部海岸?？死锾貚u上的米諾人封鎖了進(jìn)入愛琴海的通道，控制了該地區(qū)的所有貿(mào)易，甚至可能控制了進(jìn)一步向西的貿(mào)易。迦南的沿海城鎮(zhèn)通常由埃及控制，其主要業(yè)務(wù)之一是向尼羅河地區(qū)提供木材（黎巴嫩的標(biāo)志：雪松）。公元前1200年，米諾文明被摧毀，消除了其他國家對地中海和愛琴海貿(mào)易的大部分限制，腓尼基人是那些試圖填補(bǔ)空白的人中最積極的。他們的城市位于當(dāng)時(shí)西方世界的中心，為這些企業(yè)提供了良好的地理位置。愛琴海、美索不達(dá)米亞和埃及的西部、南部和東部的距離大致相等。對于這三個(gè)地區(qū)中的任何一個(gè)與另一個(gè)地區(qū)進(jìn)行貿(mào)易，最簡單的貿(mào)易路線就是通過腓尼基城市。到了公元前9世紀(jì)，古典黑暗時(shí)代接近尾聲。腓尼基人作為商人越來越富有，招致了敵人：主要是亞述人。至少面對不斷的襲擊和繁重的貢賦，提爾人采取了在西方建立殖民地的策略，殖民地逃脫了亞述人的魔爪，這也幫助開發(fā)了地中海西部的金屬和貿(mào)易。最重要的腓尼基殖民地是公元前700年左右建立的迦太基，其他重要的殖民地是西西里島、科西嘉島、撒丁島和西班牙（現(xiàn)在的加迪斯港和卡塔赫納）。在接下來的500年里，迦太基的規(guī)模和力量迅速膨脹。他的大部分財(cái)富來自西班牙的礦藏。迦太基是第一個(gè)與希臘人和羅馬人爭奪西地中海控制權(quán)的。

經(jīng)濟(jì)

早期的腓尼基經(jīng)濟(jì)建立在木材銷售、木材加工和染料工藝上。顏色從粉紅色到深紫色的染料是由海螺腐爛的內(nèi)臟制成的。腓尼基城邦逐漸成為海上貿(mào)易和制造業(yè)的中心。由于自然資源有限，他們進(jìn)口原材料加工成更有價(jià)值的商品，這些商品可以通過貿(mào)易獲利，例如珠寶、金屬制品、家具等。他們從世界各地借鑒了他們作為商人可以接觸到的技術(shù)和風(fēng)格，在探索西班牙時(shí)，他們要么是最先發(fā)現(xiàn)了西班牙的大型金屬礦床，要么就是從先到那里的希臘人手中獲得。通過加強(qiáng)西西里島和北非的據(jù)點(diǎn)，他們有效的剝奪了其他商人獲得西班牙、西非海岸（黃金、異域木材和奴隸）和英國（錫，制備青銅的關(guān)鍵戰(zhàn)略資源）財(cái)富的機(jī)會。

宗教文化

腓尼基人的宗教屬多神論，他們的神需要不斷的犧牲來預(yù)防災(zāi)難，特別是太陽神和風(fēng)神。目前還沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯的腓尼基神廟，他們的大部分古城都埋在現(xiàn)代城市之下。圣經(jīng)敘述了腓尼基人的祭祀，但這種做法最后停止了。然而，它是在迦太基被停止的。在迦太基城外的一個(gè)公墓里發(fā)現(xiàn)了數(shù)千個(gè)嬰兒的骨灰盒，這些嬰兒被供奉于神。迦太基的貴族家庭養(yǎng)成了用動物和奴隸代替孩子的習(xí)慣，但在公元前320年的一場軍事失敗之后，依舊犧牲了500多名來自最好的家庭的嬰兒。早期腓尼基文化在很大程度上收到了他們閃族起源和鄰居的影響，后來則是希臘人的影響。今天很少有明確的腓尼基人，他們對文明的持續(xù)貢獻(xiàn)之一就是發(fā)明了原始字母表，每個(gè)字母代表一個(gè)輔音，這大大減少了書寫文字所需的符號數(shù)量。當(dāng)書寫時(shí)，元音是隱藏的。后來希臘人進(jìn)一步為元音增加了符號，創(chuàng)造了第一個(gè)真正的字母表。

軍事

當(dāng)腓尼基人開始和希臘人爭奪貿(mào)易和殖民地時(shí)，這場爭奪導(dǎo)致了第一批專用于戰(zhàn)爭的船只建造。這些船是劃槳的，船頭有撞角，海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)也在船上。公元前五世紀(jì)，波斯為了控制愛琴海、安納托利亞西部和地中海東部，與希臘人交戰(zhàn)，海戰(zhàn)變得越來越重要。這時(shí)，腓尼基城市已經(jīng)被控制了，腓尼基船只組成了波斯艦隊(duì)的大部分，在公元前480年在薩拉米海戰(zhàn)中被擊敗。當(dāng)時(shí)的腓尼基船只比希臘人的更大，更難操縱，這成為了限制作戰(zhàn)水域的致命缺陷。迦太基海軍在一開始和羅馬的布匿戰(zhàn)爭中占主導(dǎo)地位，但羅馬人捕獲了一艘擱淺的迦太基船，并建造了復(fù)制品。羅馬人最終清除了地中海的迦太基船只，并在北非成功結(jié)束了戰(zhàn)爭。迦太基人擁有唯一一支著名的陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)，可以視作腓尼基人的。他們最偉大的將軍是漢尼拔，他從西班牙入侵意大利，在冬天帶著他的軍隊(duì)和大象穿過阿爾卑斯山，他的大部分軍隊(duì)是西班牙和高盧招募的凱爾特人，他的軍隊(duì)核心是一隊(duì)北非騎兵，他們通常能夠趕走羅馬騎兵，包圍羅馬步兵并幫助消滅之。羅馬人最終擊敗了漢尼拔，不是通過直接戰(zhàn)斗，而是通過先攻擊他未能注意的地方，然后是北非。

衰落滅亡

從公元前900年到公元前332年，腓尼基的家鄉(xiāng)城市周期性地被一個(gè)又一個(gè)東方征服者征服。他們從來沒有強(qiáng)大到能夠抵擋亞述、巴比倫、波斯的強(qiáng)大軍隊(duì)，盡管他們經(jīng)常富有到可以收買他們。公元前332年，亞歷山大大帝把他們一個(gè)又一個(gè)帶走，結(jié)束了他們一次又一次的獨(dú)立。他們成為了希臘城市，永遠(yuǎn)失去了他們腓尼基人的身份。迦太基人又存活了200年，幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來他們一直成功地阻止希臘在西西里島的擴(kuò)張，直到與人口更多、組織更為完善的羅馬人相遇。公元前146年布匿戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后，迦太基人被奴役，城市被摧毀。

遺產(chǎn)

腓尼基人作為商人的傳統(tǒng)在黎巴嫩延續(xù)了很多年，直到現(xiàn)代，也不論是在誰的統(tǒng)治之下。腓尼基人也作為偉大的水手被回想起，他們被認(rèn)為是第一批到達(dá)英國和亞速爾群島的文明文化，有證據(jù)表明腓尼基人是在公元前600年左右由埃及人委托，第一次環(huán)游了非洲的人。有一些尚存疑的證據(jù)表明他們到達(dá)了美洲。他們最重要的貢獻(xiàn)就是他們首創(chuàng)的字母表，它們散布在已知的世界各地。當(dāng)希臘人和羅馬人進(jìn)一步提煉和傳播時(shí)，它就成為了大多數(shù)西方文化今天使用的字母表。

這是帝國時(shí)代一相關(guān)文明說明文件翻譯的第（7/12）部：

1.埃及：CV13647116?

2.希臘：CV13828033

3.巴比倫：CV13907052

4.亞述：CV13984562

5.米諾斯：CV14070144

6.赫梯：CV14097823

7.腓尼基：本篇

8.蘇美爾：

9.波斯：

10.商：

11.朝鮮：

12.大和：?