像大多數(shù)國家的公民一樣，美國人受到政府、學(xué)校和主流媒體的制約，接受愛國主義，團結(jié)在共同的國家認(rèn)同周圍。然而，一個特定群體抗議對美國批評的程度有很大差異，這取決于其地理位置、與“美國身份”的關(guān)系、政治立場和對媒體來源的接觸，以及許多其他因素。

地理位置

總體而言，生活在偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)(如中西部和南部)的美國人接觸全球網(wǎng)絡(luò)和不同觀點的機會較少。由于他們的世界觀在很大程度上是由他們的直接社區(qū)和當(dāng)?shù)?可能是保守的)媒體塑造的，他們往往對自己的祖國有更積極的印象。一般來說，生活在聯(lián)系更緊密的城市中心(如東海岸和西海岸)的美國人往往更容易接受對美國的批評.

與“美國認(rèn)同”的關(guān)系

由于他們并不完全符合“美國人”的傳統(tǒng)概念，那些在歷史上(并將繼續(xù)面臨)遭受壓迫的群體更容易接受批評美國社會內(nèi)部的虛偽。事實上，邊緣社區(qū)是美國國內(nèi)最激烈的批評者之一。

政治立場與媒體來源

一般來說，被認(rèn)為是保守派的美國人，并獲得保守派媒體來源(如?？怂剐侣凢ox News)，更有可能拒絕對美國的批評。為了吸引他們的支持者基礎(chǔ)，并干掉他們的政治對手，著名的保守派聲音經(jīng)常會毫不掩飾地展示愛國主義。相比之下，那些自認(rèn)為是自由主義者并使用自由媒體(如CNN)的美國人往往更容易接受對美國的批評。由于自由派政治家依賴移民社區(qū)和邊緣群體的支持，盡管他們的努力幾乎總是局限于口頭上，但他們會試圖表現(xiàn)出對美國國內(nèi)重大問題的一些敏感言論。

在保守派和自由派如何回應(yīng)對美國的批評之間劃出涇渭分明的界限是很誘人的。但歸根結(jié)底，這只是擺姿態(tài)的問題。通過他們的教育和媒體，美國人被灌輸了美國例外論，資本主義和民主的優(yōu)越性幾乎不受挑戰(zhàn)。然而，盲目的愛國主義絕不是美國的專利;任何地方都需要更深刻的理解和更細(xì)致入微的觀點。

KK.akida 原創(chuàng)，轉(zhuǎn)載需聯(lián)系授權(quán)，侵權(quán)行為將進行法律追究

作者：K 常春藤達特茅斯大學(xué)，美國華裔

修譯: Gemini K

Like citizens in most countries, Americans are conditioned by their government, schools, and mainstream media to embrace patriotism and rally around a common national identity. However, the degree to which a particular group will protest criticisms of the U.S. varies dramatically depending on its geographical location, relation to “American identity,” and political affiliation and exposure to media sources, among many other factors.

Geographical Location

In general, Americans living in more rural, isolated regions (e.g. the midwest and south) have fewer opportunities to access global networks and alternative perspectives. Since their worldviews are shaped largely by their immediate communities and local (likely conservative) media, they’d tend to have a more positive impression of their home country. In general, Americans living in more interconnected urban centers (e.g. the east and west coasts) tend to be more open to criticisms of the U.S.

Relation to “American Identity”

Since they don’t fit neatly within the traditional conception of “American,” groups that have faced historical (and continue to face ongoing) oppression are more receptive to criticizing the hypocrisies within American society. In fact, marginalized communities are some of America’s fiercest critics from within the country itself.

Political Affiliation and Exposure to Media Sources

In general, Americans who identify as conservative and access conservative media sources (e.g. Fox News) are more likely to reject criticisms of the U.S. To appeal to their base of supporters and outflank their political opponents, prominent conservative voices will often engage in unabashed displays of patriotism. By contrast, Americans who identify as liberal and access liberal media outlets (e.g. CNN) tend to be marginally more receptive to criticisms of the U.S. Since liberal politicians rely on immigrant communities and marginalized groups for support, they’ll try to signal some sensitivity to major problems at home in America, though their efforts are almost always limited to paying lip service.