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估算上界(2017課標Ⅲ導數(shù))

2022-11-22 11:48 作者:數(shù)學老頑童  | 我要投稿

(2017課標Ⅲ,21)已知函數(shù)f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3Dx-1-a%5Cln%20%20x.

(1)若f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Cgeqslant%200,求a的值;

(2)設m為整數(shù),且對于任意正整數(shù)n,%5Cleft(%201%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%20%5Cright)%20%5Cleft(%201%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E2%7D%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccdots%20%5Cleft(%201%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5En%7D%20%5Cright)%20%3Cm,求m的最小值.

解:(1)首先注意到%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bf%5Cleft(%201%20%5Cright)%20%3D0%7D.

求導得f'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3D1-%5Cfrac%7Ba%7D%7Bx%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7Bx-a%7D%7Bx%7D,

其中,%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bf'%5Cleft(%201%20%5Cright)%20%3D1-a%7D.

1.1-a%3E0,即%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Ba%3C1%7D

則必然存在實數(shù)x_1%5Cin%20%5Cleft(%200%2C1%20%5Cright)%20,

x%5Cin%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%20x_1%2C1%20%5Cright)%20%7D,f'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3E0f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cnearrow%20%7D,

所以%5Cforall%20x%5Cin%20%5Cleft(%20x_1%2C1%20%5Cright)%20,%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bf%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3C%7Df%5Cleft(%201%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B0%7D

不合題意.

2.1-a%3C0,即%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Ba%3E1%7D,

則必然存在實數(shù)x_1%5Cin%20%5Cleft(%201%2C%2B%5Cinfty%20%5Cright)%20,

x%5Cin%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%201%2Cx_1%20%5Cright)%20%7D,f'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3C0,f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Csearrow%20%7D,

所以%5Cforall%20x%5Cin%20%5Cleft(%201%2Cx_1%5Cright)%20,%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bf%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3C%7Df%5Cleft(%201%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B0%7D,

不合題意.

3.1-a%3D0,即%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Ba%3D1%7D,

f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3Dx-1-%5Cln%20%20x

f'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Cfrac%7Bx-1%7D%7Bx%7D,

x%5Cin%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%20%5Cleft(%200%2C1%20%5Cright)%20%7D,f'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3C0f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Csearrow%20%7D;

x%5Cin%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%201%2C%2B%5Cinfty%20%5Cright)%20%7Df'%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%3E0,f%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cnearrow%20%7D

所以%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bf%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20%5Cgeqslant%20%7Df%5Cleft(%20x%20%5Cright)%20_%7B%5Cmin%7D%3Df%5Cleft(%201%20%5Cright)%20%3D%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B0%7D,

符合題意.

綜上所述:%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Ba%3D1%7D.

(2)由(1)可知,x-1-%5Cln%20%20x%5Cgeqslant%200,

%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cln%20%20x%5Cleqslant%20x-1%7D

(當且僅當x%3D1時等號成立)

自然,%5Cforall%20x%5Cin%20%5Cleft(%201%2C%2B%5Cinfty%20%5Cright)%20,%5Cln%20%20x%3Cx-1.

換元,令x%3D1%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5En%7D,則有:

%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cforall%20x%5Cin%5Cmathbf%7BN%7D%5E*%7D%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cln%20%5Cleft(%201%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5En%7D%20%5Cright)%3C%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5En%7D%7D.

所以

%5Cbegin%7Baligned%7D%0A%09%26%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cln%7D%20%5Cleft(%201%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%20%5Cright)%20%5Cleft(%201%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E2%7D%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccdots%20%5Cleft(%201%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5En%7D%20%5Cright)%5C%5C%0A%09%3D%26%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cln%20%5Cleft(%201%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%20%5Cright)%7D%20%2B%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cln%20%5Cleft(%201%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E2%7D%20%5Cright)%7D%20%2B%5Ccdots%20%2B%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cln%20%5Cleft(%201%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5En%7D%20%5Cright)%7D%5C%5C%0A%09%3C%26%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%7D%2B%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E2%7D%7D%2B%5Ccdots%20%2B%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5En%7D%7D%5C%5C%0A%09%3D%26%5Cfrac%7B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E%7Bn%2B1%7D%7D%7D%7B1-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%7D%5C%5C%0A%09%3D%261-%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5En%7D%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%3C1%7D%5C%5C%0A%5Cend%7Baligned%7D

所以

%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%201%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%20%5Cright)%20%5Cleft(%201%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E2%7D%20%5Cright)%20%5Ccdots%20%5Cleft(%201%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5En%7D%20%5Cright)%20%3C%5Cmathrm%7Be%7D%7D

又因為

%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%5Cleft(%201%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D%20%5Cright)%20%5Cleft(%201%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E2%7D%20%5Cright)%20%5Cleft(%201%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%5E3%7D%20%5Cright)%20%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B135%7D%7B64%7D%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B%3E2%7D

所以整數(shù)%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7Bm%7D的最小值為%5Ccolor%7Bred%7D%7B3%7D.(橫屏觀看).



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