Indigenous peoples

土著人

Canada’s indigenous peoples are claiming new rights and resources

加拿大土著人民正在要求新的權(quán)利和資源

But native populations are still poorer and less well-educated

但當(dāng)?shù)鼐用袢匀槐容^貧窮，受教育程度也較低

Jul 27th 2019

“EDUCATION IS THE New Buffalo”, a sculpture formed from words in indigenous languages, is a focal point of Calgary’s new public library. Its message is that, just as bison once sustained indigenous people in North America, so education will secure their cultural survival. Such messages of support for Canada’s “First Nations” are everywhere. Public events often begin with an acknowledgment of the people on whose “traditional territory” it is taking place. Under a revision of the citizenship oath proposed by the government in May, new Canadians would recognise “the aboriginal and treaty rights of First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples”.

“教育是新的水?！?，這個(gè)由土著語(yǔ)言文字組成的雕塑，是卡爾加里新公共圖書館的焦點(diǎn)。它傳達(dá)的信息是，就像北美野牛曾經(jīng)供養(yǎng)著北美土著人一樣，教育將確保他們的文化得以幸存。這種支持加拿大“土著居民”的信息隨處可見。公共活動(dòng)往往始于對(duì)其“傳統(tǒng)領(lǐng)地”上的人們的認(rèn)可。根據(jù)政府在5月提出的公民宣誓修正案，新加拿大人將承認(rèn)“土著居民、因紐特人和米提人的原住民和條約權(quán)利”。

詞匯

Focal/焦點(diǎn)的，在焦點(diǎn)上的

Bison/美洲野牛

First Nations/【the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, not including the Inuit or Metis?|原住民，土著居民（不包括因紐特人或米提人）但是本文現(xiàn)在的修正案承認(rèn)了】

Aboriginal/土著的；原始的

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Indigenous groups have become more assertive, courts more sympathetic and the government more responsive. This has benefited many. Used to thinking of the country as based on English-and French-speaking nations, Canadians are starting to say it has a “triangular foundation”, says John Ralston Saul, an author. But progress is patchy.

土著群體變得更加自信，法院更加同情他們，政府也更加積極響應(yīng)。這使許多人受益。作家約翰?拉爾斯頓?索爾(John Ralston Saul)表示，習(xí)慣了認(rèn)為加拿大是一個(gè)以英語(yǔ)和法語(yǔ)為主要語(yǔ)言的國(guó)家，加拿大人開始說它有一個(gè)“三角基礎(chǔ)（法語(yǔ)，英語(yǔ)，土著語(yǔ)）”。但進(jìn)展并不完美。

詞匯

Assertive/堅(jiān)定自信的；堅(jiān)決主張的

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In the census of 2016, 1.7m Canadians, or nearly 5%, described themselves as indigenous. Their number is growing faster than that of Canada’s population as a whole. Their living conditions are, on average, worse. Nearly 30% of First Nations people are poor, meaning their after-tax income is less than 50% of the median income, adjusted for family size. In 2016, 31% of First Nations people and 46% of Inuit did not have secondary-school qualifications, compared with 8% of the non-indigenous. The 52% of native people who now live in cities are mostly better off than those on reserves.

在2016年的人口普查中，170萬(wàn)加拿大人(近5%)稱自己是原住民。它們的數(shù)量增長(zhǎng)速度超過了加拿大總?cè)丝诘脑鲩L(zhǎng)速度。平均而言，他們的生活條件更差。土著居民近30%的人是窮人，這意味著他們的稅后收入低于按家庭規(guī)模調(diào)整后的收入中值的50%。2016年，31%的原住民和46%的因紐特人沒有中學(xué)學(xué)歷，而非原住民中這一比例為8%?，F(xiàn)在生活在城市的52%的當(dāng)?shù)厝吮饶切┥钤谧匀槐Ｗo(hù)區(qū)的人生活得更好。

詞匯

Census/人口普查

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The gaps come from centuries-long discrimination. A pass system, in force from 1885 to the 1930s, required members of First Nations to get a permit to leave their reserves. Residential schools removed children from parents and discouraged them from speaking their language. Perhaps 150,000 children went through the schools, and many were mistreated. The last one closed only in 1996.

這種差距來自幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來的歧視。1885年至20世紀(jì)30年代實(shí)行的通行證制度要求土著居民成員必須獲得離開其保護(hù)區(qū)的許可證。寄宿學(xué)校把孩子從父母身邊接走，不鼓勵(lì)他們說自己的語(yǔ)言。大約有15萬(wàn)名兒童就讀于這些學(xué)校，其中許多人受到虐待。最后一家直到1996年才關(guān)閉。

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As a candidate, Mr Trudeau said it would be a “sacred responsibility” to improve relations with indigenous groups. Their position was already improving. In 1973 the Supreme Court acknowledged that they had valid land claims that pre-dated European settlement. This led to the first “modern treaties”, which give them ownership of an area nearly the size of Manitoba, and a say over land use in 40% of Canada’s territory. Much of the rest is covered by earlier treaties, still in force. These may not override property rights but do give indigenous people influence. This has led to what Ken Coates of the University of Saskatchewan calls “a full culture of consultation” across the country.

作為候選人，特魯多表示，改善與土著群體的關(guān)系將是一項(xiàng)“神圣的責(zé)任”。他們的處境已經(jīng)在改善。1973年，最高法院承認(rèn)他們擁有早于歐洲殖民時(shí)期的有效土地所有權(quán)。這導(dǎo)致了第一個(gè)“現(xiàn)代條約”的誕生，該條約賦予他們一個(gè)幾乎和馬尼托巴省一樣大的土地所有權(quán)，并對(duì)加拿大40%的領(lǐng)土擁有土地使用權(quán)。其余的大部分都是由仍然有效的早期條約涵蓋的。這些可能不會(huì)凌駕于財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)之上，但確實(shí)賦予了土著人民影響力。這導(dǎo)致了薩斯喀徹溫大學(xué)的肯?科茨所說的全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)的“全面咨詢文化”。

詞匯

Override/優(yōu)先于；權(quán)力高于；覆蓋

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Many have used it to improve their fortunes. In Vancouver three groups joined forces with a developer to purchase 14m square feet (1.3m square metres) of public land at a discount to the market price. They plan to put up housing and commercial buildings.

許多人用它來增加他們的財(cái)富。在溫哥華，三家集團(tuán)聯(lián)手一家開發(fā)商，以低于市場(chǎng)價(jià)的價(jià)格購(gòu)買了1400萬(wàn)平方英尺(130萬(wàn)平方米)的公共土地。他們計(jì)劃建造住房和商業(yè)大樓。

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Although indigenous groups make headlines when they oppose projects like the Trans Mountain pipeline, many are keen on the revenue and jobs such projects can bring. One group wants to buy a majority stake in that pipeline and put the profits into a sovereign-wealth fund.

盡管土著群體在反對(duì)跨山管道等項(xiàng)目時(shí)成為頭條新聞，但許多人熱衷于此類項(xiàng)目能帶來的收入和就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。其中一家集團(tuán)想要購(gòu)買這條管道的多數(shù)股權(quán)，并將利潤(rùn)投入主權(quán)財(cái)富基金。

sovereign-wealth fund /主權(quán)財(cái)富基金

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Plenty miss out. At the Rapid Lake reserve, a settlement of Algonquins in Quebec 270km north of Ottawa, almost the only source of income for the 300-400 people who live there is social assistance.

但依舊有許多情況被人們遺漏。在拉皮德湖保護(hù)區(qū)(Rapid Lake reserve)，阿爾岡昆斯(Algonquins)聚居地位于渥太華以北270公里的魁北克省(Quebec)， 300至400名居民的唯一收入來源幾乎是社會(huì)救助。

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Mr Harper apologised for the horrors of the residential-school system. A truth and reconciliation commission heard testimony from thousands of witnesses. The Trudeau government is striving to raise living standards. The number of indigenous reserves where drinking water was deemed unsafe dropped from 105 in November 2015 to 58 by July of this year.

哈珀先生為住宿學(xué)校體制的恐怖而道歉。真相與和解委員會(huì)聽取了數(shù)千名證人的證詞。特魯多政府正在努力提高生活水平。飲用水被認(rèn)為不安全的土著保護(hù)區(qū)數(shù)量從2015年11月的105個(gè)下降到今年7月的58個(gè)。

詞匯

Reconciliation/和解；調(diào)和

Testimony/ ?證詞，證言；

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Indigenous leaders think progress has been too slow. “You can’t talk about reconciliation where basic human rights and equity are not achieved,” says Tanya Talaga, an indigenous journalist. The first Canadians are still too often the last.

土著領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人認(rèn)為改善計(jì)劃進(jìn)展太慢。土著記者塔尼亞?塔拉加(Tanya Talaga)表示:“在沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)基本人權(quán)和平等的情況下，你不能談?wù)摵徒?。”最早的加拿大人依舊往往是最得不到照顧的。

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