視頻文本

The Sources of International Law國(guó)際法的淵源

What are the sources of international law? The term source of law refers to legal rules governing the international community. Unlike national laws where sources of law are specified in the constitution, which is superior to laws and regulations, no such hierarchy exists in international law.The international court of justice stipulated a catalog of sources of international law which is used when deciding legal disputes submitted before the world court. 國(guó)際法的淵源是什么?“法律淵源”一詞是指管理國(guó)際社會(huì)的法律規(guī)則。國(guó)內(nèi)法的法律淵源由憲法規(guī)定，高于法律法規(guī)，但國(guó)際法不存在這種等級(jí)制度。國(guó)際法院（ICJ）規(guī)定了國(guó)際法淵源的目錄，用于裁決提交給國(guó)際法院的法律爭(zhēng)端。

The first source is international treaty, whether a general or particular convention, a bilateral, regional or multinational one, a treaty is a binding international agreement by which the states parties agree in writing to observe their contractual obligations. The second source is customary law as evidence of the general state practice accepted as law. At the outset, international law was mainly regulated by customs, which is an unwritten rule and consists of two parts: states’?practice and opinio juris. 第一個(gè)淵源是國(guó)際條約，無論是一般公約還是特別公約，雙邊、區(qū)域或多國(guó)公約，條約是締約國(guó)書面同意遵守其合同義務(wù)的具有約束力的國(guó)際協(xié)定。第二個(gè)淵源是習(xí)慣法，習(xí)慣法是公認(rèn)為法律的一般國(guó)家實(shí)踐的證據(jù)。國(guó)際法最初主要是由習(xí)慣法規(guī)范的，習(xí)慣法是一種不成文的規(guī)則，由國(guó)家實(shí)踐和法律確信兩部分組成。

State practice is the material part of customary law and it combines state behavior and actions. In other words, it means what states do and say. Opinio juris is the second part of customary law, and it means that the state's verbal or material?acts have to be accepted as a binding law by the rest of the international community. For instance, the world accepts and believes that it's legal for a state to act in self-defense. In addition to treaties and customs, other sources of law exist like the judicial decisions of international courts, jurists’?writings, which represent the teachings?of the most highly qualified publicists. And lastly, the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations. While these?are not formal sources, they can still play an important role as evidence of international law. 國(guó)家實(shí)踐是習(xí)慣法的實(shí)質(zhì)組成部分，是國(guó)家行為與行動(dòng)的結(jié)合。換句話說，它指的是國(guó)家的言行。法律確信是習(xí)慣法的第二部分，它意味著國(guó)家的口頭或?qū)嵸|(zhì)行為必須被國(guó)際社會(huì)的其它成員接受為具有約束力的法律。例如，世界接受并相信一個(gè)國(guó)家采取自衛(wèi)行動(dòng)是合法的。除了條約和習(xí)慣法，法律的其它淵源也存在，如國(guó)際性法院的司法判決，以及法學(xué)家的著作，這些著作代表了資深公法學(xué)家的學(xué)說。最后一種淵源是文明國(guó)家公認(rèn)的一般法律原則。雖然這些都不是正式淵源，但它們?nèi)匀豢梢宰鳛閲?guó)際法的證據(jù)發(fā)揮重要作用。