高考英語傳統(tǒng)文化32個考點素材：傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代交融的英語應試秘籍！
高考英語傳統(tǒng)文化32個考點素材
第一部分：中國節(jié)日
一．春節(jié)Spring Festival
二．元宵節(jié)the Lantern Festival
三．端午節(jié)Dragon Boat Festival
四．中秋節(jié)Mid-Autumn Festival
五．七夕節(jié)Qiqiao Festival?（the Chinese Valentine’s Day）
第二部分?中國文化元素
一.?長城（The Great Wall）
二.?餃子（Dumplings）
三.?筷子（Chinese Chopsticks）
四.?中國功夫（Chinese kung fu）
五.?漢字（Chinese characters）
六.?秧歌舞（Yangko）
七.?針灸（Acupuncture）
八.?中國龍（Chinese Dragon）
九.?中國印章（Chinese Seal）
十.?京?。–hinese Beijing Opera）
十一.?中國成語（Chinese Idioms）
十二.?絲綢（Silk）
十三.中國園林?Chinese Classical Garden
十四.文房四寶（The Four Treasures of the Study）
十五.?中國印章（Chinese Seal）
十六.?天干地支（Chinese Era）
十七．中國畫（The Chinese paitings）
十八.中西醫(yī)(Chinese Medicine)
十九．書法藝術（The Art of Calligraphy?）
二十.放風箏（Kite-flying）
第三部分、中華習俗
一．餐桌禮儀Table Manners（1）
二．餐桌禮儀Table Manners（2）
三.中國人崇尚的顏色China’s Favorite Colors
四．喝茶The Tea-Drinking（1）
五.The Tea-Drinking（2） 喝茶
六．The Secret of Numbers?數(shù)字的秘密
七．美食的色相The Color of Food
第四部分：中國節(jié)日
一．春節(jié)Spring Festival?
⑴It falls on the first day of the first lunar month（陰歷正月）.
⑵People follow many national and local customs.
⑶We paste spring poems (貼春聯(lián))with luck words on the door.
⑷We eat delicious food with symbolic values（有象征意義的美味食品），for example, chicken for good luck.
⑸We exchange greetings with friends and relatives.
⑹People may give children lucky money in red paper.
⑴陰歷的正月初一是春節(jié)。
⑵人們延續(xù)很多傳統(tǒng)習俗。
⑶我們在門上貼春聯(lián)。
⑷我們吃有象征意義的美味食品，比如雞肉。
⑸我們相互拜年問候。
⑹人們給小孩壓歲錢。
二．元宵節(jié)the Lantern Festival?
⑴It comes on the 15th of the first lunar month.
⑵It marks the end of the Spring Festival.
⑶On that day, people eat sweet dumplings for good luck.
⑷Special activities include the display of lanterns（燈籠）and riddle solving（猜燈謎）.
⑴元宵節(jié)在農(nóng)歷的正月十五。
⑵它標志著春節(jié)的結束。
⑶那一天，人們吃湯圓，以求吉祥如意。
⑷有些特色的活動，比如觀燈、猜燈謎。
⑴It is also called Tomb-Sweeping Day. It comes on April 4th or 5th?.
⑵In Chinese Qingming means “clear and bright”.
⑶It is a day for the living to show love and respect to dead frends,?relatives and ancestors.
⑷People will sweep the tombs, light incense, put meats, vegetables, wine in front of the tomb .
⑸Besides, people burn paper money for the dead to use in afterlife.
⑴清明節(jié)也叫“掃墓節(jié)”，實在4月4日或5日。
⑵在漢語中?“清明”是“clear and bright”的意思。
⑶那一天寄托了對死去的親朋好友和祖先的感情和尊敬。
⑷人們在墓前掃墓、點香燭、放上酒肉等。
⑸除此之外，人們燒紙錢，供他們在死后使用。
三．端午節(jié)Dragon Boat Festival?
⑴It is on the fifth of the fifth lunar month.
⑵It honours the famous ancient poet, Qu Yuan.
⑶People gather to watch the colorful “Dragon Boat Races”(龍舟比賽).
⑷People eat rice dumpings on that day.
⑴端午節(jié)在農(nóng)歷五月初五。
⑵端午節(jié)是為了紀念古代詩人——屈原。
⑶人們聚在一起看龍舟比賽。
⑷人們在那一天吃粽子。
The Dragon Boat Festival is one of three major Chinese holidays,?along with the Spring and Moon Festivals.?Of the three,?it is possibly the oldest,?dating back to the Warring States Period in 227 B.C.?The festival commemorates Qu Yuan,?a minister in the service of the Chu Emperor.?Despairing over corruption at court,?Qu threw himself into a river.?Townspeople jumped into their boats and tried in vain to save him.?Then,?hoping to distract hungry fish from his body,?the people scattered rice on the water.
端午節(jié)與春節(jié)和中秋節(jié)并列為中國三大節(jié)日。這三個節(jié)日中，它可能是最古老的一個，可以追溯到公元前227年的戰(zhàn)國時代。這個節(jié)日是為了紀念楚國的大夫屈原，他因為對朝廷的貪污腐敗感到絕望而投河自盡。鎮(zhèn)上的人紛紛沖上船去救他，卻沒有成功。后來大
把米撒到水里，希望把饑餓的魚群從他的軀體邊引開。
Over the years,?the story of Qu’s demise transformed into the traditions of racing dragon boats and eating zongzi?-a kind of rice wrapped in bamboo leaves.
多年以后，屈原逝世的故事逐漸演變成賽龍舟和吃粽子(一種包在竹葉中的米食)的傳統(tǒng)。
端午節(jié)起源
⑴In 278 BC, he heard the news that Qin troops had finally conquered Chu’s capital, so he finished his last piece Huai Sha (Embracing Sand) and plunged himself into the Miluo River,Clasping his arms to a large stone.the day happened to be the 5th of the 5th month in the Chinese lunar calendar.After his death,the people of Chu crowded to the bank of the river to pay their respects to him.The fishemen sailed their boats up and down the river to look for his body.People threw into the water zongzi?（pyramid-shaped glutinous rice dumplings wrapped in read or bamboo leaves）?and eggs to divert possible fish or shrimp from attacking his body.An old doctor poured a jug of realgar wine (Chinese liquor seasoned with realgar) in to the water,hoping to turn all aquatic beasts drunk.That’s why people later followed the customs such as dragon boat racing,eating zongzi and drinking realgar wine on that day.
公元前278年，當他聽到秦國軍隊已經(jīng)攻破楚國國都的消息后，寫完最后一篇詩篇《懷沙》后抱石投汩羅江自盡。這一天正是農(nóng)歷五月初五。他死后，楚國人民跑到河岸來悼念他，漁民們劃船遍河尋找他的尸體。人們把粽子和雞蛋投入水中防止魚蝦傷害他的身體。一位老郎中還把一壹雄黃灑倒入水中，希望能藥暈昏蛟龍水獸。這就是后來人們?yōu)槭裁丛谶@一天賽龍舟，吃粽子，喝雄黃酒。
????⑵Dragon boat racing is an indispensable part of the festival,held all over the country.As the gun is fired,people will see racers in dragon-shaped pulling the oars harmoniously and hurriedly,accompanied by rapid drums,speeding toward their destination.Folk tales say the game originates from the activities of seeking Qu Yuan’s body.
賽龍舟是這個節(jié)日不可工缺的一部分。當發(fā)令槍打響后，人們就能看到坐在龍舟的賽手們在急促鼓點的伴隨下齊心協(xié)力搖槳駛向他們的目的地。民間故事說這個賽事的起源是尋找屈原的尸體。
⑶Zongzi is an essential food of ?the Dragon Boat Festival.It is said that people ate them in the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC). In early time,it was only glutnous rice dumplings wrapped in reed or other plant leaves and tied with colored thread,but now the fillings are more diversified,including jujube and bean paste,fresh meat,and ham and egg yolk,If time permist,people will soak glutinous rice,wash reed leaves and wrap up zongzi themselves.Otherwise,they will go to shops to buy whatever stuff they want.The custom of eating zongzi is now popular in North and South Korea,Japan and Southeast Asian nations.
粽子是端午的一種必備食品，所說人們在春秋時代就開始吃它（公元前770-476年）。最開始是，它只是用箬葉和彩線包起來的糯米。但是現(xiàn)在在填充物就很豐富了，有棗子和豆沙的，鮮肉的，還有火腿蛋黃的。如果時間允許，人們會自己泡糯米，洗箬葉，包粽子。一然他們變會到商店買來自己想吃的粽子。現(xiàn)在粽子的習俗已經(jīng)風靡朝鮮、南韓、日本以及東南亞各國。
四．中秋節(jié)Mid-Autumn Festival
⑴It is on the 15th of the eighth lunar month.
⑵People gaze at（觀賞）the “Lady in the Moon”(嫦娥) , eat moon cakes for family reunion and happiness.
⑴中秋節(jié)在農(nóng)歷的八月十五。
⑵人們在那一天家人團圓，一起賞月、吃月餅。
中秋節(jié)起源
⑴Folklore about the origin of the festival go like this:In remote antiquity, there were ten suns rising in the sky, which scorched all crops and drove people into dire poverty. A hero named Hou Yi was much worried about this,he ascended to the top of the Kunlun Mountain and,directing his superhuman strength to full extent, drew his extraordinary bow and shot down the nine superfluous suns one after another. He also ordered the last sun to rise and set according to time. For this reason, he was pespected and loved by the people and lots of people of ideals and integrity came to him to learn martial arts from him. A person named Peng Meng lurked in them.
相傳，遠古時候天上有10個太陽同時出現(xiàn)，曬得莊稼枯死，民不聊生，一個名叫后羿的英雄，力大無窮，他同情受苦的百姓，登上昆侖山頂，運足神力，拉開神弓，一氣射下9個太陽，并嚴令最后一個太陽按時起落，為民造福。后羿因此受到了百姓的尊敬和愛戴，不少志士慕名前來投師學藝，心術不正的蓬蒙也混了進來。
⑵Hou Yi had a beautifull and kindhearted wife named Chang E.one day in his way to the Kunlun Mountain to call on friends,he ran upon the Empress of Heaven Wangmu who was passing by.Empress Wangmu presented to him a parcel of elixir,by taking which,it was said,one would ascend immediately to heaven and become a celestial being.Hou Yi,however,hated to part with his wife.So he gave the elixir to Chang E to treasure ror the time being.Chang E hid parcel in a treasure box at her dressing table when,unexpectedly,it was seen by Peng Meng.
后羿有一個美麗的妻子叫?“嫦娥”，一天后羿到昆侖山訪友求道，巧遇由此經(jīng)過的王母娘娘，便向王母娘娘求得一包一死藥。所說，服下此藥，即刻升天成仙。然而，后羿舍不得撇下妻子，只好暫時把不死藥交給嫦娥珍藏。嫦娥將藥藏進梳妝臺的百寶匣里，不料被小人蓬蒙看見了。
⑶One day when Hou Yi led his disciples to go hunting,Peng Meng,sword in hand,rushed into the inner chamber and forced Chang E to hand over the elixir,Aware that she was unable tl defeat Peng Meng,Chang E mabe a prompt decision at that critical moment.She turned round to open her treasure box,took up the elixir and swallowed it in one gulp.As soon as she swallowed the elixir her body floated off the ground,dashed out of the window and flew towards heaven.Peng Meng escaped.
一天，后羿眾徒外出狩獵，蓬蒙手持寶劍闖入內(nèi)宅后院，威逼嫦娥交出不死藥。嫦娥知道自己不是蓬蒙的對手，危急之時她當機立斷，轉(zhuǎn)身打開百寶匣，拿出不死藥一口吞了下去。嫦娥吞下藥，身子立刻飄離地面、沖出窗口，向天上飛去。蓬蒙便借機逃走了。
⑷When Hou Yi returned home at dark,he knew from the maidservants what had happened Overcome with grief,Hou Yi looked up into the night sky and called out the name or his beloved wife when,to his surprise, he found that the moon was especially clear and bight and no it there was a swaying shadow that was exactly like his wife.He treid his best to chase after the moon.But as he ran,the moon retreated;as he withdrew,the moon came back. He could not get to the moon at all.
傍晚，率眾徒回到家，侍女們哭訴了白天發(fā)生的事。后羿氣得捶胸頓足，悲痛欲絕，仰望著夜空呼喚愛妻的名字，這時他驚奇發(fā)現(xiàn)，今天的月亮格外皎潔明亮，而且有個晃動的身影酷似嫦娥。他拼命朝月亮追去，可是他追三步，月亮退三步。他退三步，月亮進三步，無論怎樣也追不到跟前。
⑸Thinking of his wife day night, Hou Yi then had an incense table arranged in the back garden that Chang E loved. Puting on the table sweetmeats and fresh fruits Chang E enjoyed most, Hou Yi held at a distance a memorial ceremony for Chang E who was sentimentally attached to him in the palace of the moon.When people heard of the story that Chang E had turned into a celestial being,they arranged the incense table in the moonlight one after another and prayed kindhearted Chang E for good forturne and peace.From then on the custom of worshiping the moon spread among the people.
后羿無可奈何，又思念妻子，只好派人到嫦娥喜愛的后花園里，擺上香案，放上她平時最愛吃的蜜食鮮果，遙祭在月宮里眷戀著自己的嫦娥。百姓們聞知嫦娥奔月成仙的消息后，紛紛在月下擺設香案，向善良的嫦娥祈求吉祥平安。
⑹People in different places follow various customs,but all show their love and longing for a better life.
中秋節(jié)的習俗很多，形式也各不相同，但都寄托著人們對生活無限的熱愛和對美好生活的向往。
五．七夕節(jié)Qiqiao Festival?（the Chinese Valentine’s Day）
⑴The granddaughter of the Goddess of Heaven visited the earth. Her name was Zhinu, the weaving girl.
⑵While she was on earth she met her herd boy Niulang and they fell in love. They got married secretly, and they were very happy.
⑶When the Goddess of Heaven knew that her granddaughter was married to a human, she became very angry and made the weaving girl return to heaven. Niulang tried to follow her, but the river of stars, the Milk Way, stopped him.
⑷Finding that Zhinu was heart-broken, her grandmother finally decided to let the couple cross the Milk Way to meet once a year.
⑸Magpies make a bridge of their wings to the couple can cross the river to meet on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month.
⑹People in China hope that the weather will be fine on that day, because if it is raining, it means that Zhinu is weeping and the couple won’t be able to meet.
⑴王母娘娘的外孫女下凡來到人間。她的名字叫織女。
⑵在人間，她見到了牛郎，并且相愛。秘密結婚后，他們快樂的生活在一起。
⑶當王母娘娘知道她的孫女嫁給了一個凡人，非常生氣。她讓織女返回天庭，牛郎緊跟不舍，但是卻被銀河擋住了。
⑷看到織女傷心欲絕，王母娘娘最后決定讓這對夫妻每年跨過銀河相會一次。
⑸農(nóng)歷的七月初七，這對夫妻在鵲橋上相會。
⑹人們希望那天的天氣好，因為如果下雨，意味著織女在流淚，他們沒能相會。
Valentine’s Day?情人節(jié)Date?約會
Bunch?花束
Rose?玫瑰
Candy?糖果
Chocolate?巧克力
Forget-Me-Not?勿忘我
Puppy Love/First Love?初戀
Cute Meet?浪漫的邂逅
Fall In Love?墜入愛河
Love At The First Sight?一見鐘情
Propose?求婚
Valentine Cards?情人節(jié)卡片
Candlelight Dinner?燭光晚餐
Heart-Shaped/Cordate?心形的
Truelove?真愛Enamored?傾心的
第五部分?中國文化元素
一.?長城（The Great Wall）
The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings! If you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower; or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids! Men often say, "He who doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man."In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the "Great Wall" until the Qin Dynasty. However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.
長城是人類創(chuàng)造的世界奇跡之一。如果你到了中國卻沒去過長城，就想到了巴黎沒有去看看菲爾鐵塔，或者就像到了埃及沒有去看金字塔一樣。人們常說：“不到長城非好漢?！睂嶋H上，長城最初只是一些斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的城墻，直到秦朝統(tǒng)一中國后才將其連城長城。然而，今天我們看到的長城——東起山海關，西至嘉峪關——大部分都是在明代修建的。
二.?餃子（Dumplings）
Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes. According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. There’s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”. During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings. To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.
餃子是深受中國人民喜愛的傳統(tǒng)食品。?相傳為古代醫(yī)圣張仲景發(fā)明。餃子的制作是包括：1）?搟皮、2）?備餡、3）?包餡水煮三個步驟。其特點是皮薄餡嫩，味道鮮美，形狀獨特，百食不厭。民間有“好吃不過餃子”的俗語。中國人接親待客、逢年過節(jié)都有包餃子吃的習俗，寓意吉利。對崇尚親情的中國人來說，“更歲交子”吃餃子，更是歡度除夕、辭舊迎新必不可少的內(nèi)容。?
三.?筷子（Chinese Chopsticks）
The Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world. The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago. Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese. They look deceptively simple to use, but possess multi-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, poking, tearing, and so on. Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China. For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon. Unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”. Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.?
中國人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上獨樹一幟。有史記載用筷的歷史已有三千多年。筷子古時稱為箸，它看似簡單，但卻同時具有夾、撥、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多種功能。中國民間視筷子為吉祥之物，如婚俗中將筷子隱喻為快生貴子的祝福等。與使用刀叉以及手抓的?方式不同，成雙結對的筷子含有“和為貴“的意蘊。西方人贊譽筷子是古老的東方文明。
【拓展1】The Story of Chopsticks（1） 筷子的故事
⑴Chopsticks are used every day in China.
⑵Now I'd like to take this opportunity to share their interesting history with you.
⑶I think you'll agree that even an ordinary item used in daily life can have a fascinating story.
⑷Although chopsticks originated in China, they are widely used in many Asian countries.
⑸The first chopsticks were made from bone and jade.
⑹In the Spring and Autumn period, copper and iron chopsticks came into being.
⑺In ancient times, the rich used jade or gold chopsticks to display their wealth.
⑻Many kings and emperor s used silver chopsticks to see if their food had been poisoned.
⑼Chopsticks are traditionally placed in brides' dowries,because "chopsticks" in Chinese is pronounced "kuaizi", which sounds like "get a son soon."
⑽Many foreign friends try to use chopsticks when they visit China.
⑾Even the former president of the United States Richard Nixon, used chopsticks at the welcoming banquet held in his honor.
⑿As soon as he left his table, a foreign diplomat grabbed his chopsticks as a historical souvenir.
⑴中國人每天都在使用筷子。
⑵現(xiàn)在我想借這個機會和大家一起聊一些有關于筷子歷史的有趣故事。
⑶我想你會贊同即使是日常生活中一件小物品也會有其引人入勝的故事。
⑷雖然筷子起源于中國，但現(xiàn)在很多的亞洲國家都在使用。
⑸最早的筷子是用骨頭和玉制成的。
⑹在春秋時代又出現(xiàn)了銅制和鐵制的筷子。
⑺在古代，富人家用玉筷子或金筷子以顯示其家庭的富有。
⑻許多帝王用銀制的筷子以檢查他們的食物中是否被人投了毒。
⑼筷子在傳統(tǒng)上是被當作?新娘的嫁妝的，因為“筷子”在漢語中讀作“kuaizi”，聽起來很像“快得兒子”。
⑽許多外國朋友在訪問中國的時候都使用筷子。
⑾甚至是美國前總統(tǒng)尼克松在為其到來而舉辦的歡迎宴會上也使用了筷子。
⑿他剛一離開桌子，一名國外的外交人員就抓起了他的筷子，把它作為了具有歷史意義的紀念品。
【拓展2】The Story of Chopsticks（2） 筷子的故事
⑴In ancient China, chopsticks signified far lore than tools that take food to the mouth; they also signified status and rules, “can”and ”can’t”.
⑵During the Northern Song Dynasty, an official named Tang Su once had dinner with the emperor. He was not well informed in noble table etiquette and so laid down his chopsticks horizontally on the table before the emperor did. As a result, he was expatriated to a frontier area for penal servitude.
⑶In ancient eating etiquette, there were over a dozen taboos concening chopsticks. For example , they could not be placed vertically into a dish, as this was the way of making sacrifices to the dead.
⑴在古代中國，筷子不僅僅是把食物送到口中的餐具，它被賦予了重要的內(nèi)涵和“能”和“不能”的規(guī)矩。
⑵北宋朝時，一個叫唐肅的官員陪皇帝進膳。他不了解用餐時使用筷子的禮儀，在皇帝還沒有吃完時，他把筷子橫放在桌子上，表示他不想再吃了。結果這位官員被發(fā)配邊疆。
⑶在古代的飲食禮儀中，筷子的使用方法的禁忌有十多種。比如，忌將筷子豎直插入菜盤或飯碗中，因為這代表為死人上墳。
四.?中國功夫（Chinese kung fu）
Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance. It is a ?traditional Chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a series of skill and tricks. The core idea of Chinese king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and “cultivating qi” (otherwise known as nourishing one’s spirit). Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism. Chinese kung fu has a long history, with multi-various sects and many different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and external training. It contains the ancient great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe. The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing (Taijiquan), form and will boxing (Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm (Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.
中國功夫即中國武術，是將技擊寓于搏斗和套路運動之中的中國傳統(tǒng)體育項目，承載著豐富的中國民族傳統(tǒng)文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和養(yǎng)氣之說，同時兼容了道家、釋家的思想。中國武術源遠流長、流派林立、拳種繁多，講究剛柔并濟、內(nèi)外兼修，蘊含著先哲們對生命和宇宙的參悟。后世所稱十八般武藝，主要指：徒手拳藝，如太極拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀槍劍戟、斧鉞鉤叉等。
【拓展】
⑴Chinese Kung Fu is magnificent and profound but it’s unfortunate that a lot of it has not been passed down.
⑵Taijiquan can make you feel at peace. In addition to emphasizing matching the movements with your breathing, it is good for your health too.
⑶The primary reason for practicing kung fu is for health reasons. Defense is of secondary importance and hurting others is abolutely unacceptable.
⑴中國功夫博大精深，可惜有很多已經(jīng)失傳了。
⑵太極拳可以使人心境平和，加上它注重呼吸配合動作，對身體也有好處。
⑶練武的主要目的在于鍛煉身體，其次是防身，至于用來傷人是萬萬不可以的。
There is much more to Kung Fu than Jackie Chan or Bruce Lee. Kung Fu is an art form, and also, very good for you.
功夫并不只是指成龍或李小龍，它是一種藝術形式，而且對你很有好處。
Many styles of Kung Fu are based on the ideas of nature. Ancient boxing masters often developed their fighting techniques by observing the world around them. Animals, birds, and insects provided the basis for many systems of Kung Fu developed in the past.
很多功夫招式來源于對自然界的想象。古代拳術大師常常通過觀察他們周圍的世界改進拳術技法。動物、鳥類和昆蟲為過去很多功夫的系統(tǒng)發(fā)展提供了基礎。
Many of the hard forms of Kung Fu came from a Buddhist Monastery called “Shaolin”. An Indian priest named Tamo came to live there nearly 1500 years agou. According to legend, Tamo arrived at the monastery where he found the monks in poor physical condition. Because they couldn’t stay awake during meditation, Tamo introduced a series of 18 exercise designed to feed both body and mind. These movements are said to have merged with self-defense tactics studied in the Shaolin Temple.
很多硬功夫都出自叫“少林”的佛教寺廟。大約1500年前，有個叫達摩的印度僧人來到這里。傳說他來到寺廟，發(fā)現(xiàn)那里的和尚身體狀況很不好。因為他們在坐禪時候不能保持清醒，達摩就傳授給他們一套十八手拳法，目的是鍛煉他們的身心。據(jù)說這些動作融合了他在少林寺研究的防身術。
I suggest a soft form of Kung Fu, called Tai Qi. It comes from Taoism and it’s very good for your health. Through its training, you can get inner peace and a sense of physical and emotional well being. It’s often called Chinese Yoga: the art and science of meditation through movement.
我建議你學習一種溫和的功夫，叫太極拳。它源于道教，對你的健康非常有好處。通過這種訓練，你能達到內(nèi)心的平和，以及身體和情緒上的安寧舒適。它經(jīng)常被人們稱作中國瑜伽：通過運動達到沉思冥想的一種藝術和科學。
五.?漢字（Chinese characters）
Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember things. After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time. The writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of Chinese characters. Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc. Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth. The five basic strokes of Chinese characters are “---“ (the horizontal stroke) “│” (the vertical stroke), “／”( the left-falling stroke), “＼” (the right-falling stroke), and “乙” (the turning stroke). ?
漢字是從原始人用以記事的簡單圖畫，經(jīng)過不斷演變發(fā)展最終成為一種兼具音、形、意韻的獨特文字?，F(xiàn)存中國古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被認為是現(xiàn)代漢字的初形。此后，漢字又經(jīng)歷了金文、隸書、楷書、草書、行書等不同的階段。漢字結構“外圓內(nèi)方“，?源于古人”天圓地方“的觀念。漢字有五種基本筆畫，即：橫、豎、撇、捺、折。
六.?秧歌舞（Yangko）
Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northern provinces. The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid. During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the Yangko. Recent years, the old people in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.
秧歌舞是中國漢族的一種民間傳統(tǒng)舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服裝，他們的表演動作有力迅速。在農(nóng)歷春節(jié)、元宵節(jié)等節(jié)日期間，人們一旦聽到鑼鼓聲，不管外面天氣有多冷，他們都會蜂擁到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年來，中國東北某些城市的老年人自發(fā)組織了了秧歌隊，隊員常年通過跳秧歌舞來保持健康，同事他們也樂在其中。
七.?針灸（Acupuncture）
Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs. It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”. The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain. With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world. Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu (otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and traditional Chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.”
針灸是中醫(yī)學的重要組成部分。按照中醫(yī)的經(jīng)絡理論，針灸療法主要是通過疏通經(jīng)絡、調(diào)和氣血，來達到陰陽歸于平衡，使臟腑趨于調(diào)和之目的。其特點是“內(nèi)病外治”。主要療法是用針刺入病人身體的一定穴位，或用艾火的溫熱刺激燒灼病人的穴位，以達到刺激經(jīng)絡。治療病痛的目的。針灸以其獨特的優(yōu)勢，流傳至今并傳播到了世界，與中餐、功夫、中藥一起被海外譽為中國的“新四大國粹”。
八.?中國龍（Chinese Dragon）
Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years. The ancients in China considered the dragon (or loong) a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.??
對龍圖騰他的崇拜在中國大約已綿延了八千多年。中國龍是古人將魚、蛇、馬、牛等動物與云霧、雷電等自然天象集合而成的一種神物。?中國龍的形成與中華民族的多元融合過程同步。在中國人的心目中，龍具有振奮騰飛、開拓變化的寓意和團結凝聚的精神。?
九.?中國印章（Chinese Seal）
A seal can also be defined as a stamp. Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others. The seals used by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc. According to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period (475BC-221BC). The making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on; or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square. Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies. It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks. ?
印章就是圖章。中國歷代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱記、合同、符、契等等不同的稱謂，而帝王所用的印章古時稱璽、印、寶、章等。據(jù)史料記載，印章在戰(zhàn)國時代已普遍使用。印章的制作是將篆隸等字體、圖像用陰、陽的形式雕刻而成，形狀以圓、方為主。印章用朱色???鈐蓋，除日常應用外，又多用于書畫題識，逐漸成為中國特有的藝術形式之一。?
十.?京?。–hinese Beijing Opera）
Praised as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuine national quintessence of China. It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern China. At the end of the 19th Century, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in China. Beijing Opera is a blend of performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance. Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting. The main types of roles in Beijing Opera are sheng(male), dan (young female), jing (painted face, male), and chou( clown, male or female).
京劇被譽為“東方歌劇”，?是地道的中國國粹。它起源于中國多種古老的地方戲劇，特別是南方的“徽班”。到了19世紀末，京劇形成并成為中國最大的戲曲劇種。京劇是綜合性表演藝術，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）為一體，通過程式化的表演手段，敘述故事，刻畫人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、凈（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行當。?
【拓展】Beijing Opera京劇
⑴Beijing Opera of China is a national treasure with a history of 200 years.
⑵Facial masks are an important way to portray a character.
⑶Each role,according to their sex,age and disposition,is characterized by different designs of facial make-up(facial mask).
⑷In Peking Opera, femal roles are “Dan”. Male roles are “Sheng”. And clowns are”Chou”.
⑸Present-day designers are also borrowing from the Beijing Opera for their work.
⑴京劇是中國的國粹，迄今已經(jīng)有200多年的歷史。
⑵臉譜是塑造人物形象的重要手段。
⑶每個角色都會按照他們的性格、年齡、個性，在臉上畫不同的臉譜。
⑷在京劇中，女性的角色被稱作“旦”，男性的角色被稱作“生”，小丑被稱作“丑”。
⑸當代服裝設計師也從京劇服裝中吸取靈感。
十一.?中國成語（Chinese Idioms）
Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressions. Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common practice. An idiom is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word. Most Chinese idioms consist of four characters. For example, ziqiangbuxi ( make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa (success comes with time and effort). Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings. Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that are concise and have great vitality. ?
中國成語是漢語中意義完整的表示一般概念的固定詞組或短語?！俺烧Z”中的“成”既是約定俗成。成語是比詞大而語法功能又相當于詞的語言單位。絕大多數(shù)的中國成語由四個漢字組成，例如：自強不息、青出于藍、厚積薄發(fā)。成語主要從民間諺語、古代文學作品、詩歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提煉而成，是漢語語言中精煉而又富有生命力的一部分。?
十二.?絲綢（Silk）
China is the home of silk. Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventions of the ancient Chinese. As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties (1600BC-256BC), the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level. During the Western Han Dynasty (206BC-25AD), Zhang Qian, an outstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication. From then on, China’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and abundant culture connotations. Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization. ?
中國是絲綢的故鄉(xiāng)。栽桑、養(yǎng)蠶、繅絲、織綢是中國古代人民的偉大發(fā)明。商周時期絲綢的生產(chǎn)技術就已發(fā)展到相當高的水平。西漢時張騫通西域，把中原與波斯灣、地中海緊密聯(lián)系起來，開辟了中外交流貿(mào)易的新紀元。從此中國的絲綢以其卓越的品質(zhì)、精美的花色和豐富的文化內(nèi)涵聞名于世，成為中國文化的象征。東方文明的使者。
十三.中國園林?Chinese Classical Garden
The Chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chinese architecture. It is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artificial mountains and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape. The construction standard of a Chinese classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and natural.” When you go sightseeing in a Chinese classical garden, you should be able to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscape to create the real fun of mountains and rivers for viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chinese classical garden is hailed as one of the origins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations. ?
中國園林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等與自然地貌有機結合的環(huán)境藝術，是我國古代建筑藝術的珍寶。其建造原則是“妙極自然，宛自天開”。游賞中國古典園林，能充分領略“假自然之景，創(chuàng)山水真趣”的園林意境。在世界三大園林體系中，中國園林歷史悠久、內(nèi)涵豐富，被譽為世界造園史上的淵源之一。?
十四.文房四寶（The Four Treasures of the Study）
The writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study.” The writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago. In the Qin Dynasty (221BC---206BC), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes. During the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink. After paper was invented by the Chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out. The ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink. After the Song Dynasty (960AD---1279AD), the “Four Treasure of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang province; huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province; xuan ?paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province; and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province (Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou). Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have writtin the whole Chinese civilization, as it is.
筆墨紙硯是中國古代文人書房當中必備的寶貝，被稱為“文房四寶”。用筆墨書寫繪畫在中國可追溯到五千年前。秦時已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制筆；漢代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了紙張以后，簡牘錦帛逐失其用；硯臺則隨筆墨的使用而發(fā)展。?“文房四寶”到宋朝以后特指湖筆、徽墨、宣紙、端硯?？梢哉f文房四寶書寫了整個中華文明。
十五.?中國印章（Chinese Seal）
A seal can also be defined as a stamp. Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others. The seals used by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc. According to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period (475BC-221BC). The making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on; or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square. Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies. It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks. ?
印章就是圖章。中國歷代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱記、合同、符、契等等不同的稱謂，而帝王所用的印章古時稱璽、印、寶、章等。據(jù)史料記載，印章在戰(zhàn)國時代已普遍使用。印章的制作是將篆隸等字體、圖像用陰、陽的形式雕刻而成，形狀以圓、方為主。印章用朱色???鈐蓋，除日常應用外，又多用于書畫題識，逐漸成為中國特有的藝術形式之一。?
十六.?天干地支（Chinese Era）
The Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for recording and naming years. The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui. The twelve Earthly Branches are: zi.chou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai. After observing the lunar month, the ancients found that the moon always wazes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn. In terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle. The Chinese era chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in use now.?
天干地支是中國歷法中用以記錄和命名年歲的方法。十天干為：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支為：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人觀測朔望月，發(fā)現(xiàn)月亮圓缺12次大體上是一年的天數(shù)，而兩個朔望月約是60天。古人以十天干與十二地支的順序依次相配，記錄不同年份，60年為一個輪回。干支紀年法從古沿用至今。
十七．中國畫（The Chinese paitings）
⑴It’s interesting that Chinese paintings can be created on the spot.
⑵The Chinese do paintings with brushes, dipping their brushes in ink or paint and then skillfully wielding them.
⑶Painters produce on the paper pictures with lines and dots——some heavy, and some light, and some deep, and some pale.
⑴真有意思：中國畫是可以現(xiàn)場表演的。
⑵中國人繪畫采用毛筆蘸墨汁或顏色，靈巧的揮灑在紙上。
⑶畫家用深、淺、濃、淡的點和線構成一幅圖畫。
十八.中西醫(yī)(Chinese Medicine)
⑴Usually a Chinese medicine practitioner approaches the illness from a broader perspective, emphasizing its entirety and dialectical implications.
⑵A Western doctor deals directly with symptoms. For instance, if someone has a sore throat, a Western doctor will treat it as a throat problem, while a Chinese doctor may link it to the disorder of the patient’s stomach.
⑶A Chinese doctor examines his patient by using method like observing, smelling, asking and feeling. His Western counterpart relies on symtoms or evidence like body temperature and lab tests.
⑷For people with terminal diseases, Chinese medicine may be their last resort. Chinese medicine can not only alleviate pain, but also offers the option of a different treatment.
⑴中醫(yī)通常從宏觀角度認識問題，強調(diào)整體性和辯證施治。
⑵西醫(yī)則從微觀入手。比如一個人咽喉痛，西醫(yī)診斷為咽炎，中醫(yī)則有可能判斷為脾胃失衡的癥狀。
⑶中醫(yī)通過望聞問切來診??；西醫(yī)注重癥狀，重證據(jù)。
⑷對于那些身患絕癥的人來說，中醫(yī)也許是他們最后的希望，它可以緩解病痛，為患者提供另一種治療方案。
十九．書法藝術（The Art of Calligraphy?）
⑴Over 2000 years ago, Emperor Qin Shihuang , the first Emperor in Chinese history, established the official Chinese writing characters.
⑵Calligraphy also had its practical values because it was a good way to make friends and was more presentable as a gift rather than jewelry or money.
⑶Many people practice calligraphy as a way to raise their culture accomplishment. Older people use calligraphy writing as a method to keep fit.
⑷I had thought computers would lead to the disappearance of Chinese calligraphy. Now I understand that’s not likely to happen. How can you give your boss computer-printed calligraphy as a gift.
⑸The brush is the traditional Chinese writing tool. Its tip is made of soft hair from a sheep, weasel or rabbit.
⑴兩千多年前，中國的第一個皇帝秦始皇統(tǒng)一了中國的文字。
⑵書法還有著實際的效用，比如結交朋友。比起珠寶或金錢，送人一幅書法作品就來得高雅、體面。
⑶很多人研習書法的目的是提升文化素養(yǎng)，老年人學習書法是為了保健強身。
⑷我一直認為電腦的出現(xiàn)會導致中國書法的衰落?，F(xiàn)在看來，這不太可能。你怎么能拿著一幅從電腦中打印出來的書法作品送給上司呢？
⑸毛筆是中國的傳統(tǒng)書寫工具。筆尖由羊毛、黃鼬毛或兔毛制成。毛筆的毫毛既軟又有彈性。
二十.放風箏（Kite-flying）
⑴Kite-flying has been an old Chinese pastime.
⑵Records about the activity were mentioned as back 2,500 years ago.
⑶Over the centuries, people have developed kites known for their beauty.
⑷People are able to make them look like swallows, geese, frogs, butterflies, peacocks, crabs and many other animals.
⑸Now people will fly kites in early spring and autumn.
⑹It’s really a very beautiful scene with kites flying in the sky.
⑴放風箏是中國一項古老的娛樂活動。
⑵2500年前，就有放風箏的記載。
⑶幾個世紀以來，風箏因為它的樣式美觀而眾所周知。
⑷人們把它做成諸多動物的形狀，比如燕子、鵝、青蛙、蝴蝶、孔雀、螃蟹等。
⑸現(xiàn)在人們在初春和初秋放風箏。
⑹天空中飛著風箏，真實非常漂亮的景觀啊！
第六部分、中華習俗
一．餐桌禮儀Table Manners（1）?
⑴Table manners in China are quite different from those of westeners.
⑵In China,it’s okay to talk while eating.However,you may regard it as rude.
⑶You will considered a well-connected,sociable man, if you keep involved in the conversation all the time.
⑷Don’t eat fast! People usually keep their dining pace accorded with others. And all the dishes should not be eaten up completely.
⑸It is a custom and good manners to serve tea to a guest who comes to pay a visit. There is no need to ask if he needs it or not.
⑹It wouldn’t be considered rude behavior if he doesn’t even take a single drop. But he’d better receive the teacup with both hands and bow his thanks when the cup is brought before his face. When the host pours hot water into his cup, he may also choose to tap his index finger on the table,meaning”thanks”. No matter if he likes it or not,it is impolite if he doesn’t even lay a finger on the cup.
⑴中國的餐桌禮儀和西方的差別還是很大的。
⑵中國人認為吃飯時可以說話，相反你們會覺得這很沒禮貌。
⑶如果在飯桌上你積極參與談話，別人會覺得你一定是個善于交際、人緣很好的人。
⑷不要吃得太快，人們往往要跟其他人吃飯的進度保持一致。各個盤子都應該留下一點別吃完。
⑸給上門拜訪的客人上茶確實是風俗禮節(jié)，不需要問他要不要喝茶，或者要不要別的東西。
⑹茶端到他面前的時候，他最好雙手接住茶杯，欠身致謝。主人給他倒茶時，他也可以在桌面上輕叩幾下食指，表示“叩首謝謝”。不管他喜不喜歡，要是連碰都不碰一下茶杯，那就有失禮貌了。
二．餐桌禮儀Table Manners（2）
⑴Table manners are very strict during a Chinese meal. Respect has to be given to the elderly. Each time a dish is served, everyone has to wait until the elder person starts or , “to cut the ribbon”.
⑵The food is brought to the table all the same time so everybody is on the same starting line. This lacks the warm atmosphere which prevails at a Chinese dinner.
⑶This may be the reason why it is always noisy at a Chinese dinner but quiet in a Western restaurant.
⑷Alcohol is a medium for communicating emotion in China. Drinking with business partners or would-be friends is a way of solidifying friendship, especially in Northern China.
⑸You will be set free at a Western banquet.It seems we are keen to make it as convenient as possibleto savor the wine,its color,its aroma and its delicate taste.
⑹The most important thing is that the goblet,table-cloth,and plates should be made shiningly clean,so that the color of the wine is clearly visible and the delicate aroma and taste are fully appreciable.
⑺At the Western table,remember to avoid ?talking so loundly,or talking with a mouthful food.
⑴中餐還有嚴格的餐桌禮儀。長輩要受到尊重。一盤菜上來，大家要先讓長者舉筷，這被稱作“剪彩”。
⑵西餐中每個人點的菜都同時端上，大家在同一時間開始用餐，缺少了中國人相互禮讓的過程，
⑶友好的氣氛就差了許多。這也許就是中國人吃飯熱熱鬧鬧，西方人的餐桌相對安靜的原因吧。
⑷在中國，喝酒時情感交流的介質(zhì)。尤其是在北方，和業(yè)務伙伴或者“準朋友”喝酒可以增進感情。
⑸西式酒宴上，你可就自由了，我們樂意為品酒創(chuàng)造便利，品味就的顏色、氣味和口感。
⑹所以有一點是很重要的，那就是酒杯、桌布和盤子都要擦得一塵不染，為的就是使就的顏色清楚可見，酒的口感和氣味也能感受出來。
⑺在西餐桌上，記得不要大聲說話，或邊嚼邊說話。
【拓展】文化差異
1. Chewing with your mouth open.張開嘴咀嚼食物。
This is the opposite of Chinese Culture where they appreciate that you make noise while eating. Westerners feel this is disgusting and shows a complete lake of manners. Chew with your mouth shut!
中國人喜歡在咀嚼食物的時候發(fā)出聲響，與中國文化相反，西方人認為這種行為極為討厭，是缺乏禮貌的表現(xiàn)。嚼東西的時候要閉上嘴巴。
2. Speaking with your mouth full.說話時滿嘴食物。
This is considered quite rude when at the table. Western children are taught from a very early age never to do this.
在餐桌上，這被認為是非常粗魯?shù)男袨椤Ｎ鞣饺藦男【褪苓@方面的教導。
3. Picking teeth / Sucking teeth. 剔牙?/?吮牙。
It is considered rude to pick between your teeth where others can see you. Western restaurants usually do not supply toothpicks so it is sometimes hard to decide when to remove food stuck between the teeth. It is usually best to excuse yourself and go into the bathroom.
當著他人的面剔牙是很不禮貌的。西餐廳通常不提供牙簽，所以有時候很難決定什么時候該剔牙。當確實需要清理牙縫間的食物時，最好是上洗手間。
4. Elbows on the table.手肘支在桌上。
While eating you should be sitting straight up. Do not put your elbows on the table. Putting your elbows on the table will make you look like a farmer.
用餐時應該身體坐直，手肘不要支在餐桌上。把手肘放在桌子上會讓你看起來像個農(nóng)民。
5. Spitting food (bones, skin, etc.) out of your mouth. 直接從嘴里吐出食物（骨、皮等）。
This is not done in Western restaurants. If you do need to take something out of your mouth, bring your napkin up to your mouth and place the item in it.
在西方的餐廳里你是見不到這一幕的。真要這樣做的話，應該把紙巾拿到嘴邊，吐在紙巾上。
6. Picking up your plate or bowl. 捧起碗碟。
They think that only children do this. Don’t lean over and slurp from the plate on the table either. Food must be transported from the dish to your mouth with a fork or a spoon. If you’re nervous about using a knife and fork, buy a set and practice at home until you feel comfortable.
西方人覺得這是小孩子才會有的舉動。也不要把嘴放在碗邊直接吸取食物。要用勺子或叉子把食物放進嘴里。如果你不習慣用刀叉，那就買一套放在家里練習如何使用，直到運用自如。
7. Speaking loudly. 大聲講話。
All Westerners try to keep the conversation to their own table. If the whole restaurant can hear you, you are speaking too loudly and it will be considered rude. In fact, some westerners find it difficult to do business in Chinese restaurants because the noise level is just too high.
用餐時，西方人只會與同桌的人交談。如果整個餐廳都會聽到你的“演講”，那你的聲音就太大了。實際上，一些西方人認為在中國的餐館里談生意是件很困難的事情，因為噪音太大了。
8. Passing gas / Belching / Burping. 放屁?/?打嗝。
This is considered rude in any situation. If you do need to pass gas, excuse yourself and go to the bathroom. Of course sometimes this is out of your control. If you accidentally pass gas loudly in front of others, you need to say, “excuse me” and quickly start talking about something to distract the people around you. DO NOT discuss any details about your gas, or any bodily function at the table.
在任何場合下放屁或打嗝都是不雅的。如果確實需要的話，要上洗手間解決。當然也有失控的時候。如果不小心當眾放了響屁，要說“對不起”，而且要很快轉(zhuǎn)移話題。千萬不要大談特談“人之氣”，也不要再餐桌上談論任何與身體器官有關的內(nèi)容。
9. Cleaning ears with fingernails. 用指甲挖耳孔。
This is not done in public. It shouldn't be done in private either! It’s dangerous. Use a cotton swab!
千萬不要再大庭廣眾下用指甲挖耳。在沒人的地方也不要這樣做！用指甲挖很危險，最好用棉簽。
10.Smoking. 吸煙。
While others are still eating or even when everyone has finished eating, it is polite to ask their permission if you can smoke at the table. In many western restaurants you will be asked if you prefer to be seated in the smoking or non-smoking section. If your host chooses the non-smoking section, you will have to excuse yourself from the table to smoke.
當其他人還沒有吃完，或者就算所有人都用完餐，如果要抽煙的話，要禮貌地征得大家的許可。在很多西餐廳里，你會聞到是愿意在吸煙區(qū)還是非吸煙區(qū)就差那。如果主人選擇了非吸煙區(qū)，那你想抽煙時要征得同桌人的同意到外面去抽。
三.中國人崇尚的顏色China’s Favorite Colors
⑴Chinese people seem to like the red and yellow clors a lot. The two colors are used for the Chinese national flag.
⑵Maybe because the Hans originated in the Yellow River Plateau, a region where yellow was the prevailing color.
⑶Yellow was also the color representing the imperial court in traditional China. During the Sui Dynasty, yellow was officially designated as the exlusive color for the imperial family.
⑷In olden times, a person could be beheaded for the misuse of yellow.
⑸Red represents happiness. For example, the word“double happiness”used for wedding is red. The bride wears red clothes, which is different from the white gowns of the West.
⑹During Chinese Spring Festival, people will give hong bao,?or red envelopes with money inside to the children as well wishes. Couplets hanging on both sides of the doors are written in red.
⑴中國人似乎很喜歡紅黃兩色。中國的國旗就是由這兩種顏色組成。
⑵這也許是因為漢民族的發(fā)源地是黃土高原，這個地域滿目黃土之色。
⑶在中國古代，黃色是皇權的象征。從隋朝起，黃色成為皇家專用的顏色。
⑷古時，用錯了黃色會殺頭。
⑸紅是喜慶的象征。比如結婚時的雙喜字是紅色的，新娘要穿紅色的嫁衣，這與西方穿白色婚紗不同。
⑹春節(jié)時，送晚輩壓歲錢要用紅紙包了，稱“紅包”，以示吉祥。對聯(lián)也是用紅紙書寫，貼在大門的兩側。
四．喝茶The Tea-Drinking（1）?
⑴Believe it or not, tea is the most popular beverage in the world afer water.
⑵China is the homeland of tea.
⑶Did you know that tea, the most popular drink in the world , was invented by accident.
⑷Some leaves from a nearby bush fell into the boiling water and remained there before some time.
⑸The emperor Shen Nung noticed that leaves in the water produced a pleasant smell.
⑹The tea bag was not made with drinking in mind.
⑺A tea importer was sending out samples of tea that were packaged in silk bags. Not knowing any better, his customers put the entire bags into the pot and added hot water. It turned out that the tea tasted fine,and the customers liked how easy the bags were to clean up.
⑴你知道嗎？除了水，世界上最受歡迎的飲料就是茶了。
⑵茶起源于中國。
⑶你知道嗎？世界上最流行的飲料——茶，是在偶然的機會里被發(fā)明出來的。
⑷當時附近樹上落下幾片葉子，飄到開水里，在水里煮了一會兒。
⑸神農(nóng)帝發(fā)現(xiàn)開水中的葉子產(chǎn)生一種香香的味道。
⑹茶包本來不是用來喝茶的。
⑺曾有一位茶葉進口商送了一些用絲質(zhì)袋子包裝的茶葉樣品給顧客。他的顧客不知情，將整個袋子放在茶壺里泡熱水。結果發(fā)現(xiàn)茶的為傲不錯，而且用袋子就比較清理，顧客很喜歡這點。
五.The Tea-Drinking（2） 喝茶
⑴The Chinese people, in their drinking of tea, place much significance on the act of “savoring”.
⑵In classical novels, if someone drinks tea out of a big cup to quench his thirst, the word used to illustrate this action is “drink”, like a cow drinking water.
Scholars would use fine cups to drink tea and the word to use is “savour”.
⑶In the old days, people used iron kettles to boil water. Tea was placed in a paper bag. Porcelain cups were used for drinking.
⑷The water came from melted snow which was collected from plum blossom trees the previous winter and stored underground in a jar. No one collects snow any more because of pollution so people use bottled water instead.
⑸Tea has categories:red tea, green tea, Wulong tea and Pu’er tea. The first three types of tea are processed using similar methods but Pu’er tea uses a totally different method. It contains a kind of fungus which is believed to be healthy. The fungus will ferment on its own after the tea is processed. That’s why expensive Pu’er tea is always quite old.
⑴中國人飲茶，注重一個“品”字。
⑵在古典小說中，某人用大杯喝茶解渴被稱為“飲”，指此人像牛般飲水；而雅士用精致的茶具喝茶被稱為“品”。
⑶古人用鐵壺燒水，用紙袋裝茶，用瓷杯飲茶。
⑷泡茶的水是前一年冬天從梅花樹上收集起來的，裝在瓷壇中埋入地下的雪水。因為污染，沒有人再收集雪水泡茶，取而代之的是瓶裝礦泉水。
⑸茶大概分為這樣幾種：紅茶、綠茶、烏龍茶和普洱茶。前三種茶的制作方法是一樣的，普洱茶的制作方法則不同。普洱茶本身含有一種有益的霉菌，在制成后會隨著時間而自然發(fā)酵。這也是普洱茶年頭越長越值錢的原因。
六．The Secret of Numbers?數(shù)字的秘密
⑴In Cantonese, the number “8” has a similar pronounciation to,the word “prosper.”
⑵Guangdong is one of the first provinces to benefit from China’s open policy. There is a lot of temptation to become wealthy , so “8”is a lucky number for people in Guangdong.
⑶“6”is often associated with smoothness. Many people like to choose a date for their weddings which includes the number “6”.
⑷In contrast, “4”is the least favorable, because it sounds very similar to the word, “death”. Many building s do not, even, use the number for their elevator programming.
⑸Now, as a result of Western influence, more Chinese people started to dislike the number “13”.
⑴廣東話里“8”與“發(fā)”同音，有發(fā)財?shù)囊馑肌?/p>
⑵廣東是中國最先受益于改革開放政策的省份之一，金錢的誘惑力很大，人人豆做著發(fā)財?shù)膲簦虼恕?”成為人們偏愛的數(shù)字。
⑶“6”有順利之意，許多人愛選帶“6”的日子作為結婚日子。
⑷相比之下，“4”與“死”同音，是最不討人喜歡的數(shù)字。不少建筑物甚至沒有“4”層。
⑸現(xiàn)在，受西方文化的影響，許多中國人開始討厭數(shù)字“13”了。
七．美食的色相The Color of Food?
⑴There are eight major culinary styles in China. Color combinations reflect the local features of each style.
⑵Take Guangdong food for example. Because it is hot and humid there, people are mindful of the heat on their internal organs. Therefore Guangdong food is mild in both taste and color combinations. You don’t find a lot of hot and spicy food in Guangdong dishes because warm color in the hot summer can be repulsive to people’s appetite.
⑶Sichuan food is just the opposite. Sichuan is also very humid but,unlike Guangdong, Sichuan people choose to use extremely hot peppers to open their stomach.
⑴中國有八大菜系，在色相上體現(xiàn)出地域的特點。
⑵比如粵菜，出自廣東，哪里氣候炎熱而潮濕，人們特別在意五臟燥熱，所以廣東菜色澤和味道均以清淡為主，辛辣的食物在粵菜中不多見。因為炎熱的天氣，暖色調(diào)的食物會讓人沒有食欲。
⑶川菜就不同，四川氣候也濕熱，但與廣東不同，四川人選擇用極辣的辣椒來對付食欲低下。
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