位于布拉格歷史悠久的中心城區(qū)的一座經(jīng)典公寓經(jīng)過更新重塑，實現(xiàn)了其最初的功能。

近九年來，QARTA建筑設(shè)計事務(wù)所的建筑師們一直投身于對哈維爾斯卡街上的這座房屋的改造工作。這座杰出的建筑可以追溯至羅馬時代，必須在充分研究其背景的基礎(chǔ)上進行細致謹慎的重塑。作為位列聯(lián)合國教科文組織遺產(chǎn)名錄的優(yōu)秀建筑，這里受到嚴格保護。

到了20世紀下半葉，建筑狀況破敗不堪，而對其的保護必須待屋主回國后方可開展。更新的任務(wù)是恢復(fù)建筑的公寓功能，這是旅游業(yè)和短租影響下非人口密集社區(qū)中的一項獨特性。原屋主的后人也希望能夠讓家族財產(chǎn)在高水準(zhǔn)的修復(fù)后展現(xiàn)原有的光輝。

對于這座建筑的最早記載可以追溯至14世紀中葉，當(dāng)時的資料展現(xiàn)了通向這里的通路或街道。在布拉格，這種跨街的房屋并不多見。一些常見的部分構(gòu)成了被保留至今的建筑整體。城市的歷史景象揭示了這一整體結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展歷程：中世紀晚期，房屋圍繞通道分布，而到了巴洛克早期，街道已經(jīng)建在其中。在新古典主義晚期，建筑經(jīng)歷了最后一次大規(guī)模的重建，房屋和街道被整合在同一個屋頂和立面之下。事實上這是不同歷史時期的建筑和改建的多相融合。

在世紀的不斷更迭中，建筑擁有了許多不同的名字：花園之家、黑色花園之家、科爾特斯之家、皮革之家、萊德豪斯、坦德爾馬克特和集市，這些名稱也反映出建筑從巴洛克早期的公寓到百貨商店，再到新古典主義時期的公寓的轉(zhuǎn)變。

“這座建筑的悠久歷史與時間推移下演變的復(fù)雜環(huán)境相交織，影響著建筑的形式與功能。因此，這里成為了多個時代的建筑集合，這是在世紀轉(zhuǎn)變下的不斷重塑。歷史層次的展開，帶來了驚喜，自然也引發(fā)了關(guān)于建筑手法及細節(jié)的疑問。建筑氛圍非常獨特，因此我們必須思考如何為其引入新的層次，既不干擾原有的氛圍又展現(xiàn)出當(dāng)代的手法?！苯ㄖ煷笮l(wèi)·維塔塞克表示。

基于對隱藏的歷史層次進行揭示和美學(xué)提升的概念，建筑師將歷史性與新的元素形成對比，并選擇統(tǒng)一的材料元素：金屬、玻璃和混凝土，以自然而純粹的方式將其植入建筑之中，引導(dǎo)居民了解建筑的悠久歷史。從羅馬地窖的新樓層到哥特式尖拱遺跡的展現(xiàn)，再到新古典主義風(fēng)格的屋頂，整個改造過程都遵循了這一原則。室內(nèi)的飾面由廢棄的石膏組成，展現(xiàn)出過去的油漆，歷史遺跡已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)化為新的美學(xué)元素。

門窗經(jīng)過記錄和修復(fù)，在鑲板上發(fā)現(xiàn)的花卉畫作片段也被保留下來。浴室和洗手間等新的元素以極簡的形式植入建筑，盡力保持歷史建筑的完整性。更換后的桁架仍選用天然材料，與原有的結(jié)構(gòu)形成了鮮明對比?；炷翗翘轂樾鹿诺渲髁x的矩形螺旋樓梯提供補充，僅通過幾個點固定在支撐墻上，以簡約的形式與這座非典型公寓的閣樓和諧相連。

建筑師找到了通道上方主庭院屋頂?shù)臍v史資料。出于安全考慮，在1945年布拉格遭受轟炸期間，玻璃屋頂?shù)你T接結(jié)構(gòu)被拆除。參考文獻記錄，改造工作修復(fù)了庭院的屋頂，重新展現(xiàn)了鉚接桁架結(jié)構(gòu)的歷史美學(xué)價值。小庭院的屋頂也得到了修復(fù)，還原了圓形古典樓梯的玻璃屋頂。

經(jīng)過細致的研究，建筑師確定出不可修復(fù)，需要完整重建的部分，其中包括外墻、開口的填充、木工制品和門鎖。這座建筑依然保留著過去的石膏、陶制地面和實木地板（被稱為維也納十字鎖扣），以及歷史悠久的頂部橫梁、天花板、屋頂結(jié)構(gòu)和石質(zhì)的樓梯、飾邊和鋪裝。

居住的功能對布拉格中心地區(qū)非常重要，自然的社會聯(lián)系基于此方可建立；城市再生的過程也與服務(wù)設(shè)施的保留密切相關(guān)。因此，建筑的各個樓層在微調(diào)之后依然保留居住功能，底層作為餐廳或酒吧使用。建筑最初被構(gòu)想為直通式，目前仍如此。因此，一項重要改造便是庭院屋頂?shù)牟糠?。然而按照?dāng)前的規(guī)則標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，必須做出一些調(diào)整，例如閣樓可用于居住。保留原有的屋頂結(jié)構(gòu)是經(jīng)過深思熟慮而非侵入性的概念。另一項重要但不激進的功能是內(nèi)置的樓梯。

大衛(wèi)·維塔塞克總結(jié)說：“對遺產(chǎn)建筑改造的過程需要廣納意見。新加樓層顯然被接受且是必要的，毫無疑問，歷史建筑的重塑必須建立在尊重和遵循規(guī)則的基礎(chǔ)上開展?！?/p>

QARTA是一家創(chuàng)意型事務(wù)所，理論研究和實踐成果領(lǐng)域廣泛。事務(wù)所的作品立足于內(nèi)在的核心理念，并側(cè)重不同類型。作為事務(wù)所的領(lǐng)銜者，Jiri Rezak和David Wittassek通過眾多獎項印證了設(shè)計的卓越性。Jiri Rezak 表示：“我們工作的基礎(chǔ)是對生活質(zhì)量的關(guān)注”。David Wittassek補充道：“我們相信，精準(zhǔn)細致的設(shè)計、創(chuàng)造力以及對整體美感的重視是我們項目的魅力所在?！?/p>

Remarkable reconstruction of a classical tenement house in the historical centre of Prague intended to serve its original purpose.

The architects from QARTA Architektura studio have been working on the reconstruction of the house in Havelská Street for nine years. The story of this remarkable building dates back to the Romanesque period, so its continuation required a sensitive approach supported by a comprehensive study of the context.?The building is located in the Prague Monument Reservation and is part of the UNESCO heritage, it is also under monument protection, i.e. in the regime of immovable cultural monument.

In the second half of the twentieth century, the house was in a state of decay, and its preservation was only made possible by the owner's return from abroad. The task was to restore the function of the tenement house, a truly unique feature in a depopulated neighbourhood affected by the “tourist industry” and short-term accommodation. The descendants of the original owners also wanted a dignified and high-quality restoration of the family silver.

The earliest mention of the building dates back to the mid-14th century when a passage or a street leading to the house was documented. It is a house over a street, which is not very common in Prague. The commonly separated elements form a whole that has been preserved to this day. Historical vedutas show a remarkable development of this symbiosis – in the late Middle Ages the houses stand around the passage, and in the early Baroque the street is already built into one of them. The last extensive late Neoclassical reconstruction united the houses and the street under one roof and fa?ade. Nevertheless, it is an inhomogeneous confluence of different historic buildings and reconstructions.

Over the centuries, it has been called a number of different names: The House at the Gardens, At the Black Garden, At the Cortes, Leather House, Lederhaus, Tandelmarkt and Bazaar. The names point to the change of function from an apartment house to a department store in the early Baroque period, and back to a tenement house in the Neoclassical period.

"The long history of the building is intertwined with a series of circumstances that have unfolded over time in a rather complex way, influencing its form and function. It has thus become an architectural assemblage of many epochs - a process of gradual remodelling has taken place here over the centuries. The uncovering of historical layers, therefore, brought many surprises and naturally raised questions about the applied building approaches in construction and details. The atmosphere of the house is unique, so we thought about how to bring in new layers in a way that would not disturb it and at the same time reflect the contemporary approach," says architect David Wittassek.

The architects opted for a concept based on revealing and aestheticising hidden historical layers, which they contrasted with the new elements. They chose their materiality as a unifying element – metal, glass and concrete in their natural purity subtly permeate the house, while guiding the inhabitants through its history. From the new floors in the Romanesque cellars, over the acknowledged remnants of the Gothic pointed arch on the fa?ade, to the Neoclassical roof. This principle was applied throughout the reconstruction. The surfaces in the interiors consist of scrapped plaster revealing layers of the previous paintwork. A historical relic has been transformed into a new aesthetic element.

The doors and windows were documented and restored, and the found segments of the floral paintings on the panelling remained. New elements, such as bathrooms and toilets, were inserted into the building as minimalist blocks, leaving the historic construction intact as much as possible. The replaced trusses have retained their natural materiality and are in contrast with the original trusses. The Neoclassical rectangular spiral staircase has been completed with a concrete staircase. It was anchored into the supporting wall at only a few points. With its simple form, the house harmoniously connects to the attic with atypical apartments.

The architects were able to locate historical documentation of the roofing of the main courtyard over the passage. The riveted construction with a glass roof was removed for safety reasons during the bombing of Prague in 1945. The reconstruction has restored the roofing of the courtyard in a modified form, with the historicizing aesthetics of the riveted truss construction according to the surviving documentation. The roofing over the small courtyard was restored, and the glass roofing of the round classical staircase was reconstructed.

A detailed study has determined what is "untouchable" and therefore needs to be reconstructed in an intact manner. This included the facades, infill of openings, joinery and locksmiths. The house also had original plasterwork, ceramic floors and solid wooden floors (the so-called Viennese crosses). There were also historic ceiling beams, ceiling and roof constructions, and stone parts such as staircases, lining or paving.

The residential function is important for the central part of Prague, only thanks to it can natural social relations be established; the process of regeneration is also connected with the preservation of services in the parterre. Therefore, the individual floors will continue to serve as housing after minor modifications, with the ground floor providing space for a restaurant or pub. The house was originally conceived as a pass-through building, and this will continue to be the case. One of the pillars of the reconstruction was therefore the transformation of the roofing of the courtyards. However, due to current standards, some changes had to be made, for example, the attic is now habitable. Maintaining the original roof construction is a thoughtful and non-invasive concept. Another significant, but not aggressive, feature is the built-in elevators.

"The process of reconstructing heritage buildings requires open discussion. It is clear that new layers are permissible, and often necessary. Just as it is indisputable that the reconstruction of historic buildings must be conducted with respect and according to the rules," concludes David Wittassek.

QARTA Architektura is a creative studio with a diverse range of ideological studies and numerous realizations. The wide range of projects is based on the internal philosophy with an emphasis on the variety of assignments. According to executives Jiri Rezak and David Wittassek, numerous awards such as the Grand Prix of the Community of Architects, Best of Realty, and Construction of the year are proof of the excellence of design. "The basis of our work is to focus on the quality of life", says Jiri Rezak and David Wittassek adds: "We believe that precise, detailed design, creativity, and emphasis on overall aesthetics are behind the amiability of our projects".

Project name:?Havelská

Studio:?QARTA Architektura

Author:?David Wittassek, Ji?í ?ezák

Website:?www.qarta.cz

Social media:?www.instagram.com/qartaarch, www.facebook.com/qarta.architektura

Project location:?Havelská 27, Prague

Project country:?Czech Republic

Project year:?2013-2016

Completion year:?2022

Built-up Area:?689?m2

Gross Floor Area:?3560?m2

Plot size:?830?m2

Photographer:?BoysPlayNice, www.boysplaynice.com

Collaborator:

Project: Jan Havel, Jan Zmátlík

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