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Neil
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I’m Neil.

Sam
And I’m Sam.?

Neil
Last weekend I was driving from London to Anglesey in Wales when I saw a road sign written in two languages. It said, ‘Welcome to Wales’ in English, and below that, it said ‘Croeso I Gymru’ in Welsh.?

Sam
Yes, Welsh is spoken by many people in north Wales. It’s the?indigenous?language – the language spoken by the people who originally lived in a place, rather than by others who moved there from somewhere else.

Neil
Welsh is a good example of an?indigenous?language that has survived. Some children speak Welsh in school and the local government has encouraged its spread. But not all indigenous languages have been so lucky, as we’ll be finding out in this programme. ?

Sam
Of course, languages are more than just words – they carry people’s history, culture, and identity. So, when an indigenous language disappears so too does the culture.

Neil
Yes, the dominance of international languages, including English, has endangered other less-spoken languages. So, here’s my quiz question, Sam. Did you know that nearly 7,000 different languages are spoken around the world? But how many of them are indigenous? Is it:
a) 3,000?
b) 4,000? or
c) 5,000?

Sam
Hmmm, I’ll say b) 4,000 languages.

Neil
Ok, Sam, we’ll find out the answer at the end of the programme.

Sam
One indigenous language speaker is Mshkogaabwid Kwe. She’s from Canada, or ‘Turtle Island’ as it’s called by her tribe. She grew up speaking English instead of her native language, Anishinaabemowin, which she only learned later, as an adult.

Neil
Listen to Mshkogaabwid speaking with BBC World Service programme, The Conversation, about how she felt learning Anishinaabemowin later in life.

Mshkogaabwid Kwe
When I realised that the sounds that were coming out of my mouth were the same sounds that had come out of my ancestors’ mouths thousands of years ago I felt a deep sense of who I was and what it means to be Anishinaabemowbec and it made me realise that my dream of learning this language and?passing it on?to my children was now accessible, was now reachable, attainable. And, you know, after a couple of months, I was able to understand one full prayer that was said at a ceremony feast and the?glee?in me and the feeling of joy at being able to understand something in my own language, it was the most profound sense of confidence.?

Sam
Learning to speak the language of her ancestors gave Mshkogaabwid?glee?– a feeling of happiness, pleasure, or excitement.

Neil
Although she didn’t grow up speaking Anishinaabemowin she now wants to?pass it on?to her children.?To pass something on?means to give it to someone, usually in your family, who lives on after you die. ?

Sam
Mshkogaabwid’s decision to raise her children speaking Anishinaabemowin turned out to be the right one, as she explained to BBC World Service programme, The Conversation.

Mshkogaabwid Kwe
There are lots of?bumps in the road?but it’s going very well. My daughter is turning four and she completely understands the language. Being put back into day care, which she’s only been there maybe a month, has really influences her English… so I notice she’s speaking a lot of English and so that was a little bit rough for the family being an?immersion?home where we only speak Anishinaabemowin when in the home, for there to be so much English, and only recently, over the last week and a half, have we really noticed her?switch?and her shift back into using the language.

Neil
Bringing up her children to speak her indigenous language wasn’t easy and Mshkogaabwid says there were some?bumps in the road -?small problems or delays that slowed down or stopped things from developing.

Sam
To help, her family spoke only Anishinaabemowin at home, using a technique called?immersion?- the process of learning a language or skill by using only that and nothing else.

Neil
This meant that Mshkogaabwid’s children spoke both English - at school - and Anishinaabemowin - at home. She noticed how they changed between languages when speaking, something known as?code-switching.

Sam
Mshkogaabwid believes this not only helps her children’s development but also gives them a sense of family history, as well as preserving her traditional culture...

Neil
…a culture she hopes they will pass on to their children in turn.

Sam
So while indigenous cultures are threatened by big global languages, there’s still hope that many will survive into the future. Which reminds me of your quiz question, Neil. Was my answer, right??

Neil
Ah yes, I asked Sam how many of the 7,000 languages spoken around the world are indigenous.

Sam
And I thought it was b) 4,000 languages.

Neil
Which was the correct answer! And what’s amazing is that although indigenous peoples make up?under 6% of the global population, they speak more than 4,000 of the world's languages.

Sam
OK, Neil, let’s recap the vocabulary from this programme on?indigenous?languages – languages spoken by the people who originally lived in a place rather than others who came later.

Neil
Glee?is a feeling of happiness or excitement.

Sam
If you?pass something on,?you give it to someone, usually in your family, who lives on after you.?

Neil
A?bump in the road?is a small problem or delay that slows things down.

Sam
Immersion?is the process of learning something, like a language or a skill, by using only that and nothing else?

Neil
And finally,?code-switching?is the ability to change between two or more languages when speaking.

Sam
That’s all from us.?

Neil
Bye for now!

Sam
Bye bye!