Journal of Labor Economics?2023年第3期

Volume 41, Number 3, July 2023

——更多動態(tài)，請持續(xù)關注gzh：理想主義的百年孤獨

The Consequences of Letter Grades for Labor Market Outcomes and Student Behavior

字母等級對勞動力市場結果和學生行為的影響

Brandon JoelTan

I study the consequences of letter grades serving as coarse measures of academic achievement using university administrative data that record both the letter grade and the precise mark (0–100) received for each course that a given student takes. I exploit a regression discontinuity design with marks as the running variable. I find that receiving a better grade in a single class results in USD 32 greater monthly earnings after graduation, a 1.4% increase. I also find that marginal students who receive a worse grade take significantly easier courses and earn lower grades in future semesters

Interactions with Powerful Female Colleagues Promote Diversity in Hiring

與強大的女性同事的互動促進了招聘的多樣性

MarcoBattaglini,

Jorgen M.Harris, and

EleonoraPatacchini

We study the effect of hearing cases alongside female judicial colleagues on the probability that a federal judge hires a female law clerk. Federal judges are assigned to judicial panels at random and have few limitations on their choices of clerks. Using a unique dataset of federal case records merged with judicial hiring information, we find a significant effect of the fraction of copanelists who are female on a male judge’s likelihood of hiring a female clerk. This finding suggests that increases in the diversity of the upper rungs of a profession can create opportunities at the entry level.

The Health and Welfare Effects of Increases in Workers’ Compensation Benefits

增加工人補償福利對健康和福利的影響

LuJinks

This paper estimates the causal impacts of workers’ compensation income benefits on workers’ health and welfare outcomes. Using claims data from 2004 to 2016, I explore the variation in benefits due to a reform of New York workers’ compensation that increased the maximum weekly benefits. I find that a $77 increase in the weekly benefits led to an additional 3.4 days off work. Medical utilization did not increase. Each extra day off work decreased the reinjury likelihood by 2.9%. The current benefit level in New York is close to optimal in balancing payer cost and worker health outcomes.

The Effect of School and Neighborhood Peers on Achievement, Misbehavior, and Adult Crime

學校和社區(qū)同伴對成就、不良行為和成人犯罪的影響

Stephen B.Billings?and

MarkHoekstra

This paper assesses the importance of school and neighborhood peers in shaping educational achievement, adolescent misbehavior, and adult crime. Using cohort variation within Charlotte-Mecklenburg County, we focus on the impact of peers whose parents have been arrested, which is strongly and independently predictive of worse outcomes. Results indicate that a 5 percentage point increase in school peers linked to parental arrest reduces educational achievement by 0.016 standard deviations and increases adult arrest rates by 5%. Additional evidence indicates that peer effects are primarily driven by interactions in schools rather than in neighborhoods.

Testing Means-Tested Aid

調(diào)查經(jīng)濟援助狀況

RichardMurphy?and

GillWyness

We estimate the effect of an unexpected institutional financial aid (IFA) award on student outcomes using administrative data collected from nine universities, exploiting variation in IFA schedules within and across university-entry cohorts. Each ￡1,000 of IFA during the first year of college increases the chances of completing that year by 1.4 percentage points, improves test scores by 0.059 standard deviations, and increases the chances of graduating with a good degree by 3.4 percentage points. We find that high-ability and low-income students benefit the most and calculate outcome-maximizing and cost-minimizing IFA schedules for each university.

The Direct and Spillover Effects of a Nationwide Socioemotional Learning Program for Disruptive Students

全國性社會情緒學習計劃對破壞性學生之直接與外溢效應

Clémentde Chaisemartin?and

NicolásNavarrete H.

Social and emotional learning (SEL) programs that target disruptive students aim to improve their classroom behavior. Small-scale programs in high-income countries have demonstrated positive effects. Using a randomized experiment, we show that a nationwide SEL program in Chile has no effect. Very disruptive students seem to reduce the program’s effectiveness. With attention deficit hyperactivity disorder being more prevalent in middle- than high-income countries, very disruptive students may be more present there, which could diminish the effectiveness of SEL programs. Moreover, implementation fidelity seems lower in this program than in the small-scale ones considered earlier, which could also explain the program’s null effect.

Understanding the Effect of Parental Education and Financial Resources on the Intergenerational Transmission of Income

AidaySikhova

There are two essential mechanisms in the canonical model of the transmission of income across generations—parents’ financial resources and parental education. I provide novel empirical evidence to disentangle the significance of these two mechanisms in explaining the intergenerational transmission of income. Utilizing two reforms and administrative data from Sweden, I find that parents’ financial resources amount to about 25% of the effect of parental education on children’s income. Additionally, I show that parents’ financial resources matter less for sons. Overall, my findings suggest a comparatively modest impact of parental financial resources on children’s income.

在收入代際傳遞的典型模型中，有兩個基本機制——父母的經(jīng)濟資源和父母的教育。我提供了新的經(jīng)驗證據(jù)，以理清這兩種機制在解釋收入代際傳遞中的重要性。利用瑞典的兩項改革和行政數(shù)據(jù)，我發(fā)現(xiàn)父母的財政資源約占父母教育對子女收入影響的25%。此外，我還表明，父母的經(jīng)濟資源對兒子的影響較小。總的來說，我的研究結果表明，父母的經(jīng)濟資源對孩子收入的影響相對較小。

Wage Inequality in Germany after the Minimum Wage Introduction

MarioBossler?and

ThorstenSchank

Monthly wage inequality in Germany continued to increase in the early 2000s, which is mainly explained by a rising part-time employment share. After 2010, inequality returned to the level of 2000. About half of the recent decrease is due to the introduction of the national minimum wage in 2015. While employment effects of the minimum wage are negligible, we find strong wage increases among the existing workforce. The minimum wage lowered wage inequality within eastern and western Germany but also led to a convergence of the east-west wage differential. The increased labor incomes were not offset by decreasing social benefits.

德國的月工資不平等在21世紀初繼續(xù)擴大，這主要是由于兼職就業(yè)比例的上升。2010年之后，不平等又回到了2000年的水平。近一半的下降是由于2015年引入了全國最低工資標準。雖然最低工資對就業(yè)的影響可以忽略不計，但我們發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)有勞動力的工資增長強勁。最低工資降低了德國東部和西部的工資不平等，但也導致了東西工資差距的趨同。勞動收入的增加并沒有被社會福利的減少所抵消。