本文英文內(nèi)容摘自

"Anne M. Coghill, Lorrin R. Garson. The ACS Style Guide: Effective Communication of Scientific Information, American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2006"

第二部分（Part 2. Style Guidelines）

第9章（9. Grammar, Punctuation, and Spelling）

第113–118頁

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Comma

逗號

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?? Use a ? comma before, but not after, the coordinating conjunctions “and”, “or”, “nor”, ? “but”, “yet”, “for”, and “so” connecting two or more main clauses (complete ? thoughts).

?? 在連接兩個或多個主句（完整思想）的并列連詞“and”、“or”、“nor”、“but”、“yet”、“for”和“so”之前使用逗號，但不能在其之后使用逗號。

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例1：Toluene and hexane were purified by standard procedures, and benzene was redistilled from calcium hydride.

例2：The role of organic templates in zeolite synthesis has been studied extensively, but no general principles have been delineated.

例3：Supported metals are among the most important industrial catalysts, yet only a few have been studied thoroughly.

例4：No dielectric constants are available for concentrated acids, so it is difficult to give a quantitative explanation for the results.

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?? Use a ? comma after a subordinate clause that precedes the main clause in a complex ? sentence.

?? 在復合句中主句前面的從句后面使用逗號。

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例1：Although 40 different P450 enzymes have been identified, only six are responsible for the processing of carcinogens.

例2：Since the institute opened, plant breeders have developed three new prototypes.

例3： Because the gene and the molecular marker are so close on the chromosome, they segregate together in the progeny.

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?? Use a ? comma after most introductory words and phrases.

?? 在大多數(shù)介紹性單詞和短語后面使用逗號。

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例1：However, the public is being inundated with stories about cancer-causing chemicals.

例2：Therefore, the type of organic solvent used is an important factor in lipase-catalyzed enzymatic synthesis.

例3：After 3 months, the plants grown under phosphorus-deficient conditions were evaluated.

例4：Thus, their motion is the result of the rotation of ferromagnetic domains.

例5：On cooling, a crystalline phase may develop in coexistence with an amorphous phase.

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?? Use a ? comma before the coordinating conjunction in a series of words, phrases, or ? clauses of equal rank containing three or more items. (This comma is called the ? serial comma.)

?? 在包含三個或三個以上條目的一系列同等級別的單詞、短語或從句中，在并列連詞前使用逗號。（這個逗號稱為序列逗號。）

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例1：Water, sodium hydroxide, and ammonia were the solvents.

例2：The red needles were collected, washed with toluene, and dried in a vacuum desiccator.

例3：The compound does not add bromine, undergo polymerization by the Diels–Alder reaction, or react with electrophiles.

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?? In ? compound sentences containing coordinating conjunctions, the clause following ? the conjunction is punctuated as if it were alone.

?? 在包含并列連詞的復合句中，連詞后面的從句被打斷，就好像它是單獨的一樣。

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例1： The reaction proceeds smoothly, and by use of appropriate reagents, the yields will be enhanced.

例2： The compounds were separated, and after the filters had been washed, the experiments were completed.

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?? Do ? not use a comma to separate a verb from its subject, its object, or its ? predicate noun.

?? 切勿用逗號將動詞與其主語、賓語或謂語名詞分開。

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錯誤示例1： The addition of substituted silanes to carbon–carbon double bonds, has been studied extensively.

正確示例1： The addition of substituted silanes to carbon–carbon double bonds has been studied extensively.

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錯誤示例2：The disciplines described in the brochure include, materials science, biotechnology, and environmental chemistry.

正確示例2：The disciplines described in the brochure include materials science, biotechnology, and environmental chemistry.

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錯誤示例3：The solvents used in this study were, cyclohexane, methanol, n-pentane, and toluene.

正確示例3：The solvents used in this study were cyclohexane, methanol, n-pentane, and toluene.

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?? Do ? not use a comma before the conjunction joining a compound predicate ? consisting of only two parts.

?? 切勿在連接僅由兩部分組成的復合謂詞之前使用逗號。

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錯誤示例1：The product distribution results were obtained in sodium hydroxide, and are listed in Table 10.

正確示例1：The product distribution results were obtained in sodium hydroxide and are listed in Table 10.

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?? Use ? commas to separate items in a series that contains another series in ? parentheses already separated by commas.

?? 使用逗號分隔一個系列中的條目，該系列包含已用逗號分隔的括號中的另一個系列。

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例1：The structure was confirmed with spectroscopy (1H NMR, UV, and IR), high-resolution mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis.

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?? Use a ? comma between two or more adjectives preceding a noun only if you can reverse ? the order of the adjectives without losing meaning. If you can insert the ? word “and”, the comma is correct.

?? 在名詞前面的兩個或多個形容詞之間使用逗號，前提是你可以顛倒形容詞的順序而不失去意義。若你能插入單詞“and”，則逗號是正確的。

例1：

The intense, broad signals of the two groups confirmed their location.

The broad, intense signals of the two groups confirmed their location.

例2：

Sample preparation is a repetitious, labor-intensive task.

Sample preparation is a labor-intensive, repetitious task.

例3：

A powerful, versatile tool for particle sizing is quasi-elastic light scattering.

A versatile, powerful tool for particle sizing is quasi-elastic light scattering.

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但是：

Polyethylene is an important industrial polymer.

The rapid intramolecular reaction course leads to ring formation.

The backbone dihedral angles were characterized by J couplings.

The local structural environment of the Mn cluster was determined.

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?? Use a ? comma before, but not after, the subordinating conjunction in a ? nonrestrictive clause.

?? 在非限制性從句中，在從屬連詞之前使用逗號，但不能在其后使用逗號。

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錯誤示例1：The bryopyran ring system is a unique requirement for anticancer activity whereas, the ester substituents influence the degree of cytotoxicity.

正確示例1：The bryopyran ring system is a unique requirement for anticancer activity, whereas the ester substituents influence the degree of cytotoxicity.

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?? Use ? commas to set off nonrestrictive phrases or clauses.

?? 使用逗號來設置非限制性短語或從句。

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例1：The products, which were produced at high temperatures, were unstable.

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?? Phrases ? introduced by “such as” or “including” can be restrictive (and thus not set ? off by commas) or nonrestrictive (and thus set off by commas).

?? 由“such ? as”或“including”引入的短語可以是限制性的（因此不能用逗號隔開）或非限制性的（因此可以用逗號隔開）。

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例1：Potassium compounds such as KCl are strong electrolytes; other potassium compounds are weak electrolytes.

例2：Previously, we described a mathematical model including a description of chlorophyll degradation in foods.

例3：Divalent metal ions, such as magnesium(II) and zinc(II), are located in the catalytic active sites of the enzymes.

例4：Hydrogen-bonded complexes, including proton-bound dimers, are well-known species.

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In ? the first two sentences, the phrases are restrictive because the sentences do ? not make their points without the phrases. In the third and fourth sentences, ? the phrases are nonrestrictive because the sentences can make their points ? without the phrases.

在前兩句中，短語是限制性的，因為沒有短語，句子就無法表達自己的觀點。在第三句和第四句中，短語是非限制性的，因為句子可以在沒有短語的情況下表達自己的觀點。

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?? An ? appositive is a noun that follows another noun and identifies or explains the ? meaning of the first noun.

?? 同位語是一個緊跟在另一個名詞后面的名詞，用來識別或解釋第一個名詞的含義。

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例1：My wife, Jeanne, is a biochemist at the National Institutes of Health.

例2：My son James plays baseball, and my son John plays soccer.

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An ? appositive is nonrestrictive (and therefore set off by commas) when it names the ? only possibility. In the first sentence, Jeanne is a nonrestrictive ? appositive. An appositive is restrictive (and therefore not set off by ? commas) when it points out one of two or more possibilities. In the second ? sentence, the names of the two sons are restrictive appositives.

當同位語指定唯一的可能性時，它是非限制性的（因此用逗號隔開）。在第一句中，Jeanne是一個非限制性同位語。當同位語指定兩種或多種可能性中的一種時，它是限制性的（因此不用逗號隔開）。在第二句中，兩個兒子的名字是限制性同位語。

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?? Use ? commas to set off the words “that is”, “namely”, and “for example” when they ? are followed by a word or list of words and not a clause. Also use a comma ? after the item or items being named. Use a comma after “i.e.” and “e.g.” in ? parenthetical expressions.

?? 當單詞“that ? is”、“namely”和“for ? example”后面跟單詞或單詞列表而不是從句時，請使用逗號將它們隔開。還要在指定的一個或多個條目后使用逗號。在括號表達式中，在“i.e.”和“e.g.”之后使用逗號。

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例1：The new derivatives obtained with the simpler procedure, that is, reaction with organocuprates, were evaluated for antitumor activity.

例2：Alkali metal derivatives of organic compounds exist as aggregates of ion pairs, namely, dimers, trimers, and tetramers, in solvents of low polarity.

例3：Many antibiotics, for example, penicillins, cephalosporins, and vancomycin, interfere with bacterial peptidoglycan construction.

例4：These oxides are more stable in organic solvents (e.g., ketones, esters, and ethers) than previously believed.

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?? Use ? commas to separate two reference citation numbers, but use an en dash (–) to ? express a range of three or more in sequence, whether they are superscripts ? or are on the line in parentheses. When they are superscripts, do not use a ? space after the comma.

?? 使用逗號分隔兩個參考引文編號，但使用短劃線（–）按順序表示三個或三個以上的范圍，無論它們是上標還是在括號中的行上。當它們是上標時，不要在逗號后使用空格。

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例1： Experimental investigations10,14,18–25 concerned the relative importance of field and electronegativity effects.

例2：Certain complexes of cobalt were reported (10, 11) to have catalytic effects on hydrolysis reactions.

例3：Flash photolysis studies (3–7) demonstrated the formation of transient intermediate products such as triplet states.

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?? Use a ? comma before Jr. and Sr., but treat II and III according to the person’s ? preference. Within a sentence, always use a comma after Jr. and Sr., but use ? a comma after II and III only if they are preceded by a comma.

?? 在Jr.和Sr.之前使用逗號，但根據(jù)個人喜好處理II和III。在一個句子中，總是在Jr.和Sr.后面用逗號，但只有在II和III前面有逗號的情況下，才在它們后面用逗號。

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例1：William M. Delaney, Jr.

例2：Charles J. Smith, III

例3：John J. Alden II

例4：William M. Delaney, Jr., was elected to the governing board.

例5：Charles J. Smith, III, received a majority of the votes.

例6：John J. Alden II did not run for office this year.

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?? Do ? not use a comma preceding “et al.” unless commas are needed for other ? reasons.

?? 除非出于其他原因需要逗號，否則切勿在“et ? al.”前面使用逗號。

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例1：Saltzman et al.

例2：Saltzman, M. J., et al.

例3：Saltzman, Brown, et al.

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?? In ? dates, use a comma after the day, but not after the month when the day is not ? given.

?? 在日期中，在日期后使用逗號，但在沒有指定日期的月份后不要使用逗號。

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例1：June 15, 1996

例2：June 1996

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When ? giving a complete date within a sentence, use a comma after the year as well.

在句子中給出完整的日期時，也要在年份后使用逗號。

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例3：On August 18, 1984, an extraordinary person was born.

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?? When ? a geographical location is named within a sentence and the name includes a ? comma, use a comma at the end of the name as well.

?? 當一個地理位置在句子中被指定，并且名稱中包含逗號時，也可以在名稱末尾使用逗號。

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例1：Iona College, in New Rochelle, New York, is the CEO’s alma mater.

例2：The lead researcher, who obtained her education at the University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, addressed the reporters’ questions.

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?? Use a ? comma to introduce quotations.

?? 用逗號引入語錄。

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例1：In the words of Pasteur, “Chance favors the prepared mind.”

例2：Pasteur said, “Chance favors the prepared mind.”

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?? Do ? not use a comma after a quotation that is the subject of the sentence.

?? 切勿在作為句子主語的引號后使用逗號。

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例1：“Chance favors the prepared mind” is a translation from the French. (The quotation is the subject of the sentence.)（引號內(nèi)是句子的主語）

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