當(dāng)你初入江湖，迷茫不知道該干什么的時(shí)候，不妨去模仿前人是如何進(jìn)行科研的，并從中歸納出最適合自己的道路。為此，我們推出“學(xué)術(shù)人生”專欄，介紹科研的方法與經(jīng)驗(yàn)，為你的科研學(xué)習(xí)提供幫助，敬請(qǐng)關(guān)注。

三年前我從美國(guó)博士畢業(yè)，發(fā)表了第一，二，三作者文章總共有十幾篇，因而對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)尤其是我所在的科技行業(yè)的論文寫作有了非常深的體會(huì)。當(dāng)然發(fā)表的都是國(guó)際上的sci的論文，雖然我在美國(guó)不太清楚國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)于sci以及論文檔次的界定。但因?yàn)樽约簭氖虏牧希{米和能源科學(xué)，論文的IF炒的都很高。

關(guān)于科技論文英文寫作，我的方法是積累，積累，再積累。你總結(jié)和積累的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備將成為你日后寫作任何英文論文的捷徑。那么具體操作辦法就是多讀你本身領(lǐng)域的頂尖期刊。什么叫頂尖，在我的材料領(lǐng)域頂尖就是Nature系列，Advanced Materials系列, Nano Letters, ACS Nano, Energy & Environmental Science等。

然后我發(fā)現(xiàn)Abstract, Introduction, Experiment, Results, Discussion, Conclusions, Supporting Information的寫法都是不太相通的，所以我在每個(gè)板塊都進(jìn)行了分門別類的積累，具體是關(guān)于詞匯，句子，段落和最重要的邏輯。但是這些不同板塊也有很多相通之處，很多詞匯，句子其實(shí)都是可以用在各處的。你會(huì)在這些部分都發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多在你本領(lǐng)域內(nèi)高頻出現(xiàn)的詞匯，短句，句子，這些都是你從實(shí)際的高水平論文種多次篩選出來(lái)的，意味著曾被你領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的大牛，大師，同行們多次使用，所以肯定是萬(wàn)無(wú)一失的。同時(shí)還有作用就是讓你熟習(xí)了同義轉(zhuǎn)換，以免某一文章里某個(gè)詞出現(xiàn)太多次。

比如在我的材料科學(xué)，你會(huì)驚奇的發(fā)現(xiàn)我們總需要表達(dá)一些相似的東西。你總需要在文章中表示：

表示獲得關(guān)注（常用于Abstract, Introduction等需要開篇的地方）

In the past 10 years, considerable attention has been paid to perovskite materials falling within the classification La1?xSrxMO3(where M is a transition metal) as catalysts for oxygen reduction.

Among them, Mn-based oxides have attracted extensive interest because of low cost, high abundance, environmental friendliness and considerable activity.

Rechargeable magnesium batteries have lately received great attention for large-scale energy storage systems due to their high volumetric capacities, low materials cost, and safe characteristic.

表示本領(lǐng)域目前出現(xiàn)的困境 （常用于Abstract, Introduction等處，尤其是在自己的新idea出現(xiàn)之前的地方） 所謂革命尚未成功，同志們?nèi)孕枧?/p>

However, rechargeable Mg–air batteries with reversible oxygen reduction and evolution reactions are facing challenges and it is worthwhile devoting much effort to this.

As can be seen, the development of cathode materials convenient for rechargeable Mg batteries remains an ongoing challenge due to strict requirements for the intercalation compound that ensures fast Mg 2+ ion transport in combination with a high operating voltage.

Theoretical and experimental investigations on new cathode materials such as V2O5, MoS2, Li4Ti5O12, and MnO2 have demonstrated promising results, but it is generally agreed that a high-voltage high-capacity cathode with fast Mg2+ intercalation kinetics has yet to be identified.

Although some encouraging progress have been made, developing appropriate electrode materials with high capacity and good reversibility is less successful and still require further research.

引進(jìn)一個(gè)新事物，新材料，新方法 （常用于Introduction強(qiáng)調(diào)自己研究的重要性）

Among the various NASICON compounds, NVP has emerged as an interesting candidate because of its impressive energy density.

NaFePO4, unlike its celebrated lithium analogue olivine type LiFePO4, crystallized in the more thermodynamically stable maricite structure, ...

Hence, it is no surprise that similar NaMO2 compounds have been targeted as Na intercalation electrodes.

表示探索,挖掘

explore, probe, investigate, illustrate

Therefore, it is desirable to exploit efficient ORR electrocatalysts.

表示提出

propose, point out, claim, state

表示做了。。。實(shí)驗(yàn)

perform, carry out, conduct, undertake, adopt

表示闡釋

illustrate, elucidate

In an effort to uncover the electrochemical kinetics derived from different LiCl concentrations, …

表示證明

certify, verify, justify, substantiate

To further substantiate our claim that…

Use clear reasoning to justify each criticism and highlight good points and weaker points.

表示認(rèn)定

identify, specify

形容“好的”，“顯著的” （最常見(jiàn)于Results and Discussion吹自己的結(jié)果有多好，也通用于Abstract，Conclusion等處）

remarkable, outstanding, considerable(也可以用于表示大的，多的)

fantastic, impressive

表示一般好的，可用acceptable

The only exception was perhaps Chevrel phases (Mo6X8 , X = S, Se), which show acceptable intercalation kinetics and cycling stability for practical applications.

A surprisingly high-rate capability (170 mAh g-1 at 20 Ag-1) and unprecedented long-term cyclability (~90% capacity retention for 20 000 cycles) has been obtained.

XXX, with the reduced consumption of Pt while still maintaining satisfactory catalytic activity and stability.

This is a noteworthy finding because mullite-based oxides are significantly less expensive and more abundant than platinum group metals and offer a promising alternative route for tackling the oxygen activation problems.

形容多的，巨大的

extensive, intensitve, considerable, tremendous

In the past 10 years, considerable attention has been paid to perovskite materials falling within the classification La1?xSrxMO3(where M is a transition metal) as catalysts for oxygen reduction.

Among them, Mn-based oxides have attracted extensive interest because of low cost, high abundance, environmental friendliness and considerable activity.

In recent years, theoretical and experimental investigations of novel cathode materials for MIBs have increased tremendously.

2d-trees have numerous applications, ranging from classifying astronomical objects to computer animation to speeding up neural networks to mining data to image retrieval.

表達(dá)可數(shù)的許多，numerous最合適了

非常XX的，起強(qiáng)調(diào)和夸大的作用

exceptionally/strikingly/surprisingly/considerably + other adj.

Interestingly, the electrochemical response measured for the MgCl2 containing solutions is strikingly different than that for the MgTFSI2/DME solution.

The capacity drastically decayed upon further cycling.

形容重要的，決定性的

crucial, critical, essential, key,

play an important role in …, central to

A critical element in the pursuit of this quest is the discovery of efficient and cost-effective catalysts for use in electrochemical energy conversion processes1,2 such as the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), both of which are central to the efficiencies of direct-solar and electrolytic water-splitting4,5 devices, fuel cells6 and metal–air batteries.

表示展示性能 (這個(gè)通用于Abstract, Introduction, Conclusion 主要用于Results and Discussion部分)

present, demonstrate, reveal, show, exhibit, feature, posses, have, display, depict, deliver

The as-prepared hydrogenated Pt/CaMnO3 hybrid exhibits a 5-fold higher ORR mass activity and an 11-fold higher specific activity than that of the benchmark Pt/C catalyst.

SEM results display average particle sizes of ~50 nm, which is consistent with the XRD line-broadening results.

（這些動(dòng)詞很多可以互換，但還是有些小區(qū)別的，比如這里如果是展示形貌和圖畫的話，用display這個(gè)詞更舒服）

Galvanostatic studies show that expanded graphite can deliver a high reversible capacity of 284mAhg-1 at a current density of 20mAg-1.

Highly symmetric peak profiles are observed which signify good reversibility of both anodic and cathodic reactions.

The feasibility of graphite in a Na full cell is also confirmed in conjunction with the Na 1.5VPO4.8F0.7 cathode, delivering an energy of ~120 Wh kg-1 while maintaining ~70% of the initial capacity after 250 cycles.

對(duì)。。。有好處，促進(jìn)

be beneficial for.../ be favorable to...

boost/ promote

Advances in perovskite-type materials have shown that they possess mixed ionic and electronic conductivity, which is beneficial for catalytic activity.

對(duì)。。。不好

The peroxide formed in the two-electron mechanism is severely detrimental to the range of compounds examined here, as most manganese compounds with a high oxidation state are susceptible to reduction (to form soluble Mn2+) by the peroxide.

However, magnesium batteries containing an aqueous electrolyte media risks decomposition of the Mg metal anode surface.

表示吹牛 （常用于Abstract, Conclusions和其它需要總結(jié)強(qiáng)調(diào)自己的工作多牛逼的地方）

開啟本領(lǐng)域的天窗，解決了瓶頸，顛覆了傳統(tǒng)理念。吹，接著吹

The electrolyte with high ionic conductivity, excellent Mg deposition reversibility as well as the highest anodic potential to date (3.5 V vs. Mg RE) opens the door to research on high energy rechargeable Mg batteries.12,13

In this Article, we report a volcano relationship between a material property that serves as the activity descriptor and the intrinsic ORR activity of perovskite-based oxides. Such information has predictive power and provides insights into the design of new catalysts with enhanced ORR activity similar to those reported for platinum-based metals.

The viewpoint from the electronic structure proposed in this study might pave a new way to design electrode materials for multivalent-ion batteries.

The utilization of such a highly electrochemical stable GF unlocks the critical bottleneck of incompatibility among all battery parts, especially parasitic corrosive reactions between electrolyte and currently available current collector, which takes a big step forward towards Mg-based batteries' practical applications.

表示使。。。

enable, endow, allow, afford, render, cause XX to …

Therefore, an ether-based (DEGDME) electrolyte is believed to endow CoS@rGO electrode with remarkable electrochemical properties in the present studies.

Thus, after their formation, polysulfides may diffuse out of the cathode and into the electrolyte separator, causing capacity to fade and leading to degradation reactions at the lithium anode.

表示由于

due to, owe to, thanks to, caused by, arise from, stem from, derive from

表示B被A難住，阻止

inhibit, impede, preclude, plagued

陷入困境 B get stuck with A

However, some precipitation of insoluble surface species obviously occurs in pristine solutions, which impedes Mg deposition but does not fully avoid it.

Catalysts located on the left side of the volcano in Figure 1 bind oxygen too strongly, and thus the reaction is retarded by desorption of the OHads.

These studies have shown that the discovery of cathode materials is mainly inhibited by the nature of Mg2+ ions:

However, despite these advantages, the development of rechargeable MIBs remains hindered by a lack of suitable cathode materials and electrolytes and overall anode-electrolyte-cathode incompatibilities.

表示導(dǎo)致，A對(duì)B產(chǎn)生了不好的影響

raise concerns of its application in...

pose an important challenge to...

precludes their potential application in...

The bivalency of Mg2+ ions has made it challenging to find cathode materials operating at high voltages with decent (de)intercalation kinetics.

Despite great interest in a Li–S battery, soluble polysulfides as charge/discharge intermediates pose an important challenge to realize commercial Li–S batteries.

However, the lack of suitable cathode materials allowing reversible intercalation of Zn2+ hinders the development of zinc-ion batteries.

However, a lack of fundamental understanding of the ORR mechanism and the material properties that govern catalytic activity hampers the development of highly active oxide catalysts.

The prohibitive cost and scarcity of the noble-metal catalysts needed for catalysing the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells and metal–air batteries limit the commercialization of these clean-energy technologies.

起承轉(zhuǎn)合

Pyrite FeS2, as an easily obtained natural mineral, has been already commercialized in primary lithium batteries.

In recent years, theoretical and experimental investigations of novel cathode materials for MIBs have increased tremendously.25?34 (前文說(shuō)最近有很多研究，緊接著就說(shuō)這些研究說(shuō)明了什么) These studies have shown that the discovery of cathode materials is mainly inhibited by the nature of Mg2+ ions: XXX

這是很好的銜接。

It is interesting to note that oxides such as LaMnO3td and LaNiO3 have intrinsic ORR activity comparable to state-of-the-art Pt/C (Supplementary Fig. S2).

相當(dāng)于further more

副詞或者介詞短語(yǔ)可以直接起到起承轉(zhuǎn)合的作用

Impressively, the CoS@rGO nanostructure exhibits much better capacity retention with a ultrahigh discharge capacity of around 425 mAh g-1 even after 1000 cycles.

More importantly, it should be noted that the plate-on-sheet structure of CoS@rGO promote the integrity of the electrode.

More recently, FeS2 and FeSe2 have also been synthesized and demonstrated superior electrochemical performance in SIBs. However, as the same first-row transition metal dichalcogenides, cobalt sulfides have been rarely investigated in SIBs, …

Hence, it is anticipated that highly reversible electrochemical reaction could be realized by simply restricting the potential window to 0.6 V

In fact, …也是很好的一個(gè)起承轉(zhuǎn)合詞組

In the search for electrode materials with stabilities acceptable for practical Na ion batteries, Meng and co-workers conducted XXX

轉(zhuǎn)折

However,...

Despite these considerable advantages, the commercial application of Li-S batteries is still far due to the low sulfur utilization and poor cycle stability.

當(dāng)你熟悉了以上這些常用的動(dòng)詞，形容詞，詞組短句，長(zhǎng)句和學(xué)術(shù)術(shù)語(yǔ)以后，寫出像樣測(cè)學(xué)術(shù)論文就減輕了很多障礙。之后就是把它們應(yīng)用到文章的各個(gè)部分就好了。

然后要注意幾個(gè)部分的寫作規(guī)則。比如Abstract，通常十幾句話，短小精煉，把idea，原創(chuàng)性，實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果和意義說(shuō)清楚就好了，不要累贅。Conclusion也是一樣，但是側(cè)重于總結(jié)，也可以提實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)意義，并可以加上對(duì)今后工作的展望。

Introduction是最重要的，需要把你所做工作的領(lǐng)域向大家介紹一下，然后目前發(fā)展瓶頸說(shuō)清楚，再之后提出自己的idea, 概念，方法或者新事物。大部分對(duì)前人工作的總結(jié)和批判是在這個(gè)部分完成的，參考文獻(xiàn)也大部分發(fā)生在這部分，所以耗費(fèi)時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)，最考察作者的科研深度和對(duì)文獻(xiàn)的熟悉度，如果有很多重要工作漏掉了沒(méi)有引用，在審稿的時(shí)候就會(huì)被編輯大加批判的。

Results & Discussion這部分當(dāng)然就是介紹自己每一個(gè)所做實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果。數(shù)據(jù)分析和結(jié)果討論和Introduction同等重要，考察的是作者的學(xué)術(shù)功底，能否在已有數(shù)據(jù)上分析出科學(xué)合理的結(jié)果，并作證自己的結(jié)論。

下面是一些具體栗子

Abstract

The High Performance of Crystal Water Containing Manganese Birnessite Cathodes for Magnesium Batteries

Nano Lett., 2015, 15 (6), pp 4071–4079

Rechargeable magnesium batteries have lately received great attention (獲得關(guān)注，引入新概念) for large-scale energy storage systems due to (B受制于A，由于) their high volumetric capacities, low materials cost, and safe characteristic. However, the bivalency of Mg2+ ions has made it challenging to (本領(lǐng)域目前出現(xiàn)的困境) find cathode materials operating at high voltages with decent (de)intercalation kinetics. In an effort to overcome (起承轉(zhuǎn)合) this challenge, we adopt (具體做了什么) an unconventional approach of engaging crystal water in the layered structure of Birnessite MnO2 because the crystal water can effectively screen electrostatic interactions between Mg2+ ions and the host anions. The crucial (好重要哦) role of the crystal water was revealed by directly visualizing its presence and dynamic rearrangement using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Moreover, the importance of lowering desolvation energy penalty at the cathode–electrolyte interface was elucidated by working with water containing nonaqueous electrolytes. In aqueous electrolytes, the decreased interfacial energy penalty by hydration of Mg2+ allowsBirnessite MnO2 to achieve (展示性能) a large reversible capacity (231.1 mAh g–1) at high operating voltage (2.8 V vs Mg/Mg2+) with excellent (形容“好的”，“顯著的”，吹牛部分 ) cycle life (62.5% retention after 10000 cycles), unveiling the importance (意義重大，顛覆三觀) of effective charge shielding in the host and facile Mg2+ ions transfer through the cathode’s interface.

Introduction

Stabilization of Insoluble Discharge Products by Facile Aniline Modification for High Performance Li-S Batteries

Jae Ho Kim , Taehoon Kim , Yo Chan Jeong , Kunsil Lee , Kyung Tae Park , Seung Jae Yang , * and Chong Rae Park

Adv. Energy Mater. 2015, 5, 1500268

DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201500268

Energy storage systems with high energy density are required to fulfill the needs for grid energy storage and electric vehicles. [1–3] Sulfur has been spotlighted (獲得關(guān)注) as a cathode material due to its theoretical capacity of 1672 mAh g?1 , [4,5] which is around 5 times higher than that of metal oxide based on an intercalation reaction. [6] Lithium sulfur batteries operate on a redox reaction described as S8 + 16 Li ? 8 Li2S near 2.2 V (vs Li/Li+), which provides (展示性能) a high specific energy of 2600 Wh kg?1. [4,5] Furthermore, sulfur is inexpensive, environmwentally benign, and naturally abundant. [7] Despite these considerable advantages, (革命尚未成功，還需努力) the commercial application of Li-S batteries is still far due to (B受制于A，由于) the low sulfur utilization and poor cycle stability. [8] Low sulfur utilization is from the insulating nature of the sulfur and intermediates. This issue has been handled by employing carbon materials and conducting polymers. [9,10] Poor cycle stability is a more intricate issue, since the intermediate soluble polysulfides diffuse into the electrolyte [11,12] and insoluble discharge products (Li2S2 and Li2S) aggregate at the end of discharge. [13] To date, (起承轉(zhuǎn)合) considerable researches have been conducted (前人工作，獲得關(guān)注) to prevent loss of soluble polysulfides by encapsulating sulfur in various nanostructured carbon matrices, [14–19] wrapping the composites with polymers, [20–22] graphene [23] and metal oxide, [24] and adding the interlayer between the cathode and separator. [25–27] To alleviate the shuttle reaction, (起承轉(zhuǎn)合) additives were introduced to the electrolyte by Solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation on the Li negative electrode. [28,29] However, issues from insoluble discharge products have not been addressed (本領(lǐng)域目前出現(xiàn)的困境) with as much fervor. Cui and co-workers recently exploited bulky amphiphilic polymers to enhance the binding energy between the carbon matrix and insoluble discharge products, which resulted in sequestering aggregation of insoluble discharge products.(本領(lǐng)域目前出現(xiàn)的困境) [30] This approach exhibited a high specific capacity and improved cycle life. However, the bulky property of used amphiphilic polymer can cause (導(dǎo)致) nonuniform functionalization and ineffective sulfur infiltration by pore blockage.(本領(lǐng)域目前出現(xiàn)的困境) Therefore, there are some challenges in managing the insoluble discharge products for high performance Li-S batteries: (i) a smaller chemical group is more suitable for functionalization, which can lead to the homogeneous functionalization of pore wall and efficient sulfur infiltration, (ii) a more effective functional group can manage the insoluble discharge products, and (iii) a cheaper and milder fabrication method is needed for commercialization.

In this work, (起承轉(zhuǎn)合，具體說(shuō)自己的新方法，新概念) we introduced aniline into the pore wall of ordered mesoporous carbon (CMK-3) for the first time by a simple diazotization method. In general,(起承轉(zhuǎn)合) the amine-type functional groups have been widely used to remove H2S in the natural gas sweetening process [31,32] through a strong Lewis acid-base interaction.[33] The aniline functional group is presumed to strongly interact with insoluble discharge products in a similar manner. CMK-3 with the confinement effect was used as a carbon framework, [14] which led to (導(dǎo)致) a synergistic effect on the performance. The proposed diazotization method was conducted in a simple procedure under mild conditions and preserves the original structure of carbon matrix. [34–36] The resulting materials provided (展示性能) effective interaction sites for a homogeneous distribution of the insoluble discharge products during cycling, as schematically described in Figure 1 , and it conclusively exhibited (展示性能) highly stable cycling performance and good rate capability when evaluated as a cathode material for Li-S batteries.

Introduction部分主要用來(lái)介紹前人的工作，并提出自己的工作。所以這里作者引用了33篇文獻(xiàn)，提出了Li-S電池的意義和目前的主要問(wèn)題（主要是三個(gè)問(wèn)題）。然后提出自己的方案，用CMK-3作為模板并與S分子作用以提高導(dǎo)電性，抑制S的溶解。然后后面簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō)了下性能也就是實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果，但是不太需要像Abstract里那樣要強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)結(jié)果有多牛。

除了以上我自己個(gè)人總結(jié)的這些，也非常推薦周耀旗老師的那篇經(jīng)典博客“科學(xué)網(wǎng)—怎樣掌握寫好英語(yǔ)科技論文的訣竅”(http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-472757-362153.html)。我自己之前也是讀了他這篇文章很多遍。周老師提供的是科學(xué)方法論，我提供的是干貨，hoho

最后自己的論文一定要改上好多遍，找同事，找導(dǎo)師，找外國(guó)人，不知不覺(jué)就改了個(gè)十遍二十遍，終于可以看了。自以為寫的很好的部分在別人眼里看來(lái)很可能是累贅，前后矛盾的地方旁人讀起來(lái)也比自己更容易發(fā)現(xiàn)。比如下面是我的某個(gè)文章manuscirpt，找過(guò)很多高人修正后已經(jīng)面目全非了，但卻是必須經(jīng)歷的過(guò)程。這篇文章后來(lái)在去年發(fā)表出去了。

鏈接在這里：

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S221128551500227X

除了這些，多借鑒他人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)總是好的。除了論文英文寫作各部分的總結(jié)，我覺(jué)得也需要注重科研本身和尋找論文創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)，可以看看SCI論文寫作的總結(jié)和書籍，還有知乎live。比如下面這個(gè)“吳博士聊科研”的知乎live我基本都聽(tīng)了，有七八個(gè)。相比我的單純的回答，他更總結(jié)成了方法論，而且還出了書，目前是回國(guó)后全職做論文寫作培訓(xùn)公司。這里我放進(jìn)來(lái)認(rèn)為對(duì)大家有幫助的他的2個(gè)很不錯(cuò)的live。

https://www.zhihu.com/lives/845996160454909952

https://www.zhihu.com/lives/881525495878021120

下面是幾本我認(rèn)為還不錯(cuò)的SCI論文寫作的書，供大家參考。

作者：知乎—刀客特李?https://www.zhihu.com/people/li-yi-fei-37-2