Socialist

Early socialists advocated the common ownership of natural resources and the means of production and distribution

Utopian Socialists

Count Henri de Saint-Simon 1760-1825: The New Christianity, 1825

Charles Fourier 1772-1837; Phalanges

Robert Owen 1771-1858: A New View of Society, 1813-1814

Revolutionary Socialists

Louis Blanc 1811-1882

Karl Marx 1818-1883, Frederick Engels 1820-1895:Communist Manifesto, 1848; Capital (Das Kapital)

Economic Determinism; the economic or materialist interpretation of history

class s****

smoke screens created by factory owners and their allies to fool workers into submissive loyalty:

Religion; Nationalism and Patriotism; Trade Unionism and Government Reforms

Criticism:

• Marx defines humans and human happiness far too narrowly;
• economics cannot explain people's actions all the time;
• Marx also underestimates people's greed, materialism and Western individualism

The critique of capitalism is justifiable and powerful, yet the solution is not practical.

They put economics into the consideration of human history.

They appeal to emotions with a profound sense that there should be social justice.

The Paris Commune

Why was there no revolution in Europe?

1. Between 1848 and 1871, Europe saw unprecedented economic growth.
2. Full employment leaded to a demand in workers. And they organized and formed unions which were hard to break in an era of high demand. Repressive laws were changed to allow workers and unions the right to bargain, to strike and to picket.
3. The middle class had the right to vote finally, or the universal manhood suffrage. They needs were no longer ignored.
4. Reform in Europe stove off revolution, such as progressive social legislation.
5. The emergence of workers' parties.