?國(guó)風(fēng)·鄘風(fēng)·載馳PARTⅠ.BOOK?Ⅳ.ODE?Ⅹ.?Tsae ch'e

〖一〗載馳載驅(qū)，歸唁衛(wèi)侯。驅(qū)馬悠悠，言至于漕。大夫跋涉，我心則憂。

〖二〗既不我嘉，不能旋反。視爾不臧，我思不遠(yuǎn)。

? ? ? ? ? ?既不我嘉，不能旋濟(jì)？視爾不臧，我思不閟。

〖三〗陟彼阿丘，言采其蝱。女子善懷，亦各有行。許人尤之，眾稚且狂。

〖四〗我行其野，芃芃其麥?？赜诖蟀睿l(shuí)因誰(shuí)極？

? ? ? ? ? ?大夫君子，無(wú)我有尤。百爾所思，不如我所之。

詩(shī)經(jīng)《載馳》小序

《載馳》，許穆夫人作也。閔其宗國(guó)顛覆，自傷不能救也。衛(wèi)懿公為狄人所滅，國(guó)人分散，露於漕邑。許穆夫人閔衛(wèi)之亡，傷許之小，力不能救，思?xì)w唁其兄，又義不得，故賦是詩(shī)也。

【理雅各譯】

The Tsae ch'e was made by the wife of Muh of Heu.Pitying the overthrow of her native State,she was grieved that she could not saveit.Duke E of Wei had been killed by the Teih;the people were dispersed,andliving in huts about Ts'aou.The wife of duke Muh of Heu,pitying the ruin of Wei,and pained by the feebleness of Heu which was unable to save it,wished to returnto Wei and condole with her brother.And as correct propriety forbade that,sheexpressed her sentiments in this ode.

理雅各韻體版

(ⅰ)

I wished to urge my steeds,and drive

To Wei,to share my brother's grief,

Not slacking till we should arrive

And halt at Ts'aou,and find relief.

Another went,o'er hill,through stream,cross plain;

Here in deep sorrow I must still remain.

(ⅱ)

What I wished for you denied;

Here in Heu I must abide.

And in your decision's spite

I must hold my purpose right.

You,unkind,my purpose spurn

Not to Wei can I return.

I must slight your views as nought,

For I cannot quench my thought.

(ⅲ)

?I'll climb the sides of that steep mound,

And pluck the lilies growing there.

Thoughts in my woman's heart abound,

And every thought might blossom bear.

In Heu the people all my purpose blame;

Their childish,hasty thoughts cause me no shame.

(ⅳ)

I would through the land havo gone,

Passed where fields of rich wheat shone,

Prayer have made to Ts'e's great state,

Help have sought for Wei's sore strait.

Nobles who o'er Wei preside,

Zeal like this you should not chide.

Hundreds are the plans you make;

Best the course I wished to take!

理雅各散體版

(ⅰ)

I would have galloped my horses and whipt them,

Returning to condole with the marquis of Wei.

I would have urged them all the long way,

Till I arrived at Ts'aou.

A great officer has gone,over the hills and through the rivers;

But my heart is full of sorrow.

(ⅱ)

You disapproved of my (proposal),

And I cannot return (to Wei);

But I regard you as in the wrong,

And cannot forget my pupose.

You disapproved of my purpose,

And I cannot return across the streams;

But I regard you as in the wrong,

And cannot shut out my thoughts.

(ⅲ)

I will ascend that mound with the steep side,

And gather the mother-of-pearl lilies

I might,as a woman,have many thoughts,

But every one of them was practicable.

The people of Heu blame me,

But they are all childish and hasty (in their conclusions).

(ⅳ)

I would have gone through the country,

Amidst the wheat so luxuriant.

I would have carried the case before the great State.

On whom should I have relied?Who would come (to the help of Wei)?

Ye great officers and gentlemen,

Do not condemn me.

The hundred plans you think of

Are not equal to the course I was going to take.

〇、緒言

Narrative.THE BARONESS MUH OF?HEU COMPLAINS OF NOT BEING ALLOWED TO GO TO WEI TO CONDOLE WITH THE MARQUIS ON THE DESOLATION OF?HIS STATE,AND APPEAL TO SOME GHEAT POWERS ON ITS BEHALF.

【山譯】敘事詩(shī)：許男爵穆夫人抗議自己不被允許去衛(wèi)國(guó)吊唁國(guó)破的衛(wèi)侯爵。并向一些大國(guó)呼吁（對(duì)衛(wèi)的）援助。

The wife of the baron of Heu was one of the daughters of Seuen Keang and Ch'aou-pih Hwan (see on iii.IX.)，and a sister consequently of the dukes Tae and Wan of Wei.Sorry for the ruin which the Teih had brought on Wei,she had wished,while the remnant of the people was collected about Ts'aou,to go and condole with her brother (probably duke Wan),and consult with him as to what could be done in his desperate case.It was contrary,however,to the rules of propriety for a lady in her position(see on iii.XIV.) to return to her native State,and she was not allowed to do so.In this piece we have,it is supposed,her complaint,and the vindication of her purpose.

【山譯】許男爵的妻子是宣姜與昭伯的女兒，同時(shí)是衛(wèi)戴公與衛(wèi)文公的妹妹。許穆夫人為狄給衛(wèi)國(guó)帶來(lái)的毀滅感到傷心。衛(wèi)國(guó)的幸存者聚集在曹邑，許穆夫人想去吊唁自己的哥哥衛(wèi)戴公（也可能是衛(wèi)文公），希望能為絕望中的衛(wèi)國(guó)做些什么。但是以她的地位擅自回國(guó)是于理不合的，因此她被禁止這樣做。在這首詩(shī)中，據(jù)說(shuō)是她的抱怨和對(duì)其自己主張的辯解。

【山注01】此處的許穆夫人是東周男爵許國(guó)之君許穆公的夫人。許穆夫人為衛(wèi)宣姜與曾經(jīng)的庶子媾和而出，關(guān)于這段孽緣的前因后果可參見(jiàn)我以前水的專欄CV13231935。

【山注02】此時(shí)衛(wèi)國(guó)國(guó)君衛(wèi)戴公以及次年登基的衛(wèi)文公均是許穆夫人同父同母的親兄弟。關(guān)于此次衛(wèi)國(guó)國(guó)破的前因后果，可參見(jiàn)我以前水的專欄CV15141351。

【山注03】簡(jiǎn)述一下許穆夫人上一代的孽緣：初，衛(wèi)宣公為世子伋子向齊國(guó)求娶，齊僖公見(jiàn)伋子才貌雙全，就將愛(ài)女宣姜嫁予伋子。卻不曾想衛(wèi)宣公看上了宣姜，為一親芳澤，便假意為伋子求婚，待將宣姜騙到衛(wèi)國(guó)后，立刻先下手為強(qiáng)，將生米煮成熟飯。就這樣宣姜成為衛(wèi)宣公的夫人，故被稱為宣姜。后宣姜次子謀殺伋子及兄長(zhǎng)，奪得衛(wèi)國(guó)君位，是為衛(wèi)惠公。但衛(wèi)惠公得位不正，為衛(wèi)人所逐，伋子的胞弟公子黔牟繼位。而宣姜是公子黔牟的殺兄仇人之母，因此衛(wèi)國(guó)欲將其大歸回齊，宣姜的兄長(zhǎng)齊襄公遂提議將宣姜再嫁給公子黔牟的弟弟昭伯，昭伯是宣姜曾經(jīng)的庶子。此議極為荒謬，但由于齊是大國(guó)，因此衛(wèi)國(guó)只得妥協(xié)，也就有了這一場(chǎng)異?；奶频幕橐?，之后宣姜與昭伯共生子女五人——齊子、戴公、文公、宋桓夫人、許穆夫人。

【《左傳·魯閔公二年》傳】

? ? ? ? 冬十二月，狄人伐衛(wèi)。衛(wèi)懿公好鶴，鶴有乘軒者。將戰(zhàn)，國(guó)人受甲者皆曰：“使鶴，鶴實(shí)有祿位，余焉能戰(zhàn)！”

? ? ? ? 公與石祁子玦，與甯莊子矢，使守，曰：“以此贊國(guó)，擇利而為之?！迸c夫人繡衣，曰：“聽(tīng)于二子?！鼻子郑硬疄橛?，黃夷前驅(qū)，孔嬰齊殿。及狄人戰(zhàn)于熒澤，衛(wèi)師敗績(jī)，遂滅衛(wèi)。衛(wèi)侯不去其旗，是以甚敗。狄人囚史華龍滑與禮孔，以逐衛(wèi)人。二人曰：“我，大史也，實(shí)掌其祭。不先，國(guó)不可得也。”乃先之。至則告守曰：“不可待也?！币古c國(guó)人出。狄入衛(wèi)，遂從之，又?jǐn)≈T河。

? ? ? ? 初，惠公之即位也少，齊人使昭伯烝于宣姜，不可，強(qiáng)之。生齊子、戴公、文公、宋桓夫人、許穆夫人。文公為衛(wèi)之多患也，先適齊。及敗，宋桓公逆諸河，宵濟(jì)。衛(wèi)之遺民男女七百有三十人，益之以共、滕之民為五千人，立戴公以廬于曹。許穆夫人賦《載馳》。齊侯使公子無(wú)虧帥車三百乘、甲士三千人以戍曹。歸公乘馬，祭服五稱，牛羊豕雞狗皆三百，與門材。歸夫人魚(yú)軒，重錦三十兩。

【山注04】理雅各此處特意強(qiáng)調(diào)，許穆夫人去吊唁的衛(wèi)侯除了衛(wèi)戴公還可能是衛(wèi)文公。這是因?yàn)樾l(wèi)戴公剛登基不久就因逃難時(shí)的奔波而一病不起，很快就薨逝了，之后身在齊國(guó)的衛(wèi)文公返回繼位。由于戴公執(zhí)政時(shí)間太短，也就一月左右，因此理雅各無(wú)法確定此時(shí)執(zhí)政的衛(wèi)侯究竟是衛(wèi)文公還是衛(wèi)戴公，故其又用括號(hào)強(qiáng)調(diào)了一下。

【山注05】理雅各強(qiáng)調(diào)的(see on iii.IX.)是指的國(guó)風(fēng)第三邶風(fēng)的第九篇《邶風(fēng) 匏有苦葉》，理雅各在這首詩(shī)中講了宣姜與昭伯成婚之事。但需注意，舊詩(shī)說(shuō)認(rèn)為此詩(shī)是諷刺衛(wèi)宣公扒灰。不過(guò)新詩(shī)說(shuō)認(rèn)為這就是一篇妻子想念丈夫的詩(shī)歌。

【山注06】周時(shí)，天子與諸侯為防止王后夫人里通母國(guó)，原則上不允許在王后與夫人的父母過(guò)世后還回娘家歸寧。是故此時(shí)許穆夫人歸國(guó)是違背禮制的。

【《毛詩(shī)正義》】正義曰：此謂諸侯夫人及王后之法?！洞呵铩非f二十七年，“杞伯姬來(lái)”，《左傳》曰：“凡諸侯之女歸寧曰來(lái)?！笔歉改冈冢脷w寧也。父母既沒(méi)，則使卿寧?kù)缎值?。襄十二年《左傳》曰：“楚司馬子庚聘于秦，為夫人寧，禮也。”是父母沒(méi)，不得歸寧也。《泉水》有義不得往，《載馳》許人不嘉，皆為此也。若卿大夫之妻，父母雖沒(méi)，猶得歸寧?！秵史鳌吩唬骸盀槔サ苤疄楦负笳?，何以亦期也？婦人雖在外，必有歸宗?！毖愿改鸽m沒(méi)，有時(shí)來(lái)歸，故不降。為父后者，謂大夫以下也，故《鄭志》答趙商曰：“婦人有歸宗，謂自其家之為宗者。大夫稱家，言大夫如此耳。夫人王后則不然也。天子諸侯位高，恐其專恣淫亂，故父母既沒(méi)，禁其歸寧。大夫以下，位卑畏威，故許之耳。”

【山注】這一段出自《毛詩(shī)正義》，大意是，天子王后與諸侯夫人只有在父母尚在時(shí)才能回娘家歸寧，若父母不在，只能讓卿代為回娘家致意，此舉是防止王后或夫人私通母國(guó)，侵害夫君國(guó)的利益。而卿大夫以下，因?yàn)槲槐?，?duì)國(guó)家影響不大，不受這一條的約束。

〖一〗載馳載驅(qū)，歸唁衛(wèi)侯。驅(qū)馬悠悠，言至于漕。大夫跋涉，我心則憂。

【理雅各韻體譯】

I wished to urge my steeds,and drive

To Wei,to share my?brother's grief,

Not slacking till we should arrive

And halt at Ts'aou,and find relief.

Another went,o'er hill,through stream,cross plain;

Here in deep sorrow I must still remain.

【理雅各散體譯】

I would have galloped my horses and whipt them,

Returning to condole with the marquis of Wei.

I would have urged them all the long way,

Till I arrived at Ts'aou.

A great officer has gone,over the hills and through the rivers;

But my heart is full of sorrow.

載can here,standing at the beginning of the ode,be taken simply as an initial particle.Its position renders the explanation of it by則,which we find in K'ang-shing and Choo,inapplicable.馳=走馬，'to race the horses';and驅(qū)=策馬，'to whip them','to urge them'.

【山譯】“載”在在詩(shī)歌的開(kāi)頭，是發(fā)語(yǔ)助詞，可翻譯成“則”。在鄭玄和朱熹的解釋中，這個(gè)字無(wú)意義?！榜Y”理解為“走馬”即讓馬奔跑；“驅(qū)”理解為“策馬”即用鞭子抽打約束馬。

Choo would construe this line in the indicative mood,as if the lady had actually driven a long way on the road to Wei,until she was stopped by a great officer sent to recall her.It is better to construe it in the conditional mood.-with Ying-tah and Yen Ts'an.The baroness relates what she wished to do,and not what she did.

【山譯】朱熹認(rèn)為這句話是陳述語(yǔ)氣，即認(rèn)為這句話是陳述許穆夫人駕駛馬車許久后，才被許國(guó)大夫趕到截停的事實(shí)。但（理雅各認(rèn)為）這句話最好理解成條件語(yǔ)氣，即許穆夫人希望作的事（駕上小車，趕往衛(wèi)國(guó)吊唁衛(wèi)侯）但并沒(méi)有開(kāi)始就被許國(guó)大夫阻止了。

唁is 'to condole with the living',on occasion of their misfortunes;condoling on occasion of a death is expressed by弔.言in 1.4,is the?particle。

【山譯】“唁”是在發(fā)生不幸的時(shí)候慰問(wèn)生者，而“吊”則是在這個(gè)時(shí)候悼念死者。第1節(jié)第4句中的“言”是助詞。

跋涉denotes?a toilsome journey,now over hills and across grassy plains(草行曰跋)，now through rivers(水行曰涉).Who the great officer of this line was is much disputed.Ying-tah thinks he was the?messenger?from Wei who had brought the news of its desolation.Choo thinks he was an officer of Heu,who had pursued her to stop the return which the baroness was attempting.Yen?Ts'an?thinks?he was the messenger who had been despatched to express the condolences of Heu in the circumstances of Wei.This last seems the preferable view.Such an officer had been sent,but the lady thinks it would have been better for her to go,and is?sad.? ? ? ??

【山譯】“跋涉”表示這一段艱苦的旅程，要翻過(guò)小山，穿過(guò)草原(草行曰跋)，還要通過(guò)河流(水行曰涉)。關(guān)于這位（跋涉）的高級(jí)官員究竟是誰(shuí)這個(gè)問(wèn)題是很有爭(zhēng)議的?？追f達(dá)認(rèn)為他是衛(wèi)國(guó)的使者，帶來(lái)了衛(wèi)國(guó)被攻破的消息。但朱熹認(rèn)為他是許國(guó)的一名官員，是為了阻止男爵夫人并要求其返回。嚴(yán)粲認(rèn)為他應(yīng)該是被許國(guó)派遣去對(duì)衛(wèi)國(guó)哀悼的使者。最后一種觀點(diǎn)似乎更可取。這樣的官員已經(jīng)被派遣，但許穆夫人認(rèn)為她去才是更好的，她很難過(guò)。

【山注01】“載”在此處是發(fā)語(yǔ)詞，無(wú)意義。在句中的“載”古代常與“則”相通，語(yǔ)助詞，亦無(wú)意義，可相當(dāng)于白話“就”。

【山注02】驅(qū)馳——孔疏：走馬謂之馳，策馬謂之驅(qū)。

【山注03】吊——《說(shuō)文》：?jiǎn)柦K也。唁——《說(shuō)文》：弔生也。

【山注04】吊唁——《玉篇》：弔生曰唁，弔死曰弔。但《谷梁傳》認(rèn)為“吊失國(guó)曰唁”（春秋經(jīng)昭公二十五年“齊侯唁公于野井”）。后世學(xué)者索性直接和稀泥，王先謙引韓說(shuō)“弔生曰唁，弔人失國(guó)亦曰唁。”

【山注05】朱熹認(rèn)為，許穆夫人走到半路上就被截回來(lái)了。理雅各認(rèn)為，許穆夫人壓根就沒(méi)來(lái)得及出發(fā)就被在阻止了，詩(shī)中只是許穆夫人的計(jì)劃，因此理雅各翻譯第一節(jié)時(shí)大量使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣詞would（散體譯版）。不過(guò)我更為認(rèn)同王先謙的觀點(diǎn)，即許穆夫人不僅出發(fā)了，而且沖破了許國(guó)大夫的重重圍堵，到達(dá)了衛(wèi)國(guó)并吊唁了衛(wèi)侯，理由是后句有“許人尤之”即許國(guó)人指責(zé)許穆夫人的行為，如果許穆夫人還沒(méi)有出發(fā)就被攔下了，那許國(guó)人怎么知道這件事的？而如果許穆夫人如果半道中聽(tīng)從勸告回來(lái)了，那不過(guò)是出去游山玩水而已，許國(guó)人又為何要指責(zé)？

【山注06】Ying-tah是孔穎達(dá)的名，理雅各音譯其為KungYing-tah。?Yen Ts'an是嚴(yán)粲的英譯名，嚴(yán)粲的代表作是《詩(shī)緝》三十六卷。

【山注07】古人解析此句的確是無(wú)意義助詞。只不過(guò)我感覺(jué)理解成實(shí)意“說(shuō)”也可以，即對(duì)車夫說(shuō)到曹邑去。

【山注08】毛傳：“悠悠，遠(yuǎn)貌”，即道路遙遠(yuǎn)的意思。

【山注09】毛傳：“草行曰跋，水行曰涉”。而王先謙按照韓詩(shī)的說(shuō)法，認(rèn)為跋涉是涉水時(shí)不觀察水的深淺，以表示緊急。

【山注10】關(guān)于認(rèn)為此大夫并不是前來(lái)堵截的官員而是使者的觀點(diǎn)，其依據(jù)是齊詩(shī)，齊詩(shī)中“跋”作“軷”，一種使者出發(fā)前作的儀式，因此可見(jiàn)此為使者。

〖二〗既不我嘉，不能旋反。視爾不臧，我思不遠(yuǎn)。

? ? ? ? ? ?既不我嘉，不能旋濟(jì)？視爾不臧，我思不閟。

【理雅各韻體譯】

What I wished for you denied;

Here in Heu I must abide.

And in your decision's spite

I must hold my purpose right.

You,unkind,my purpose spurn

Not to Wei can I return.

I must slight your views as nought,

For I cannot quench my thought.

【理雅各散體譯】

You disapproved of my (proposal),

And I cannot return (to Wei);

But I regard you as in the wrong,

And cannot forget my pupose.

You disapproved of my purpose,

And I cannot return across the streams;

But I regard you as in the wrong,

And cannot shut out my thoughts.

嘉=善，used as a verb,'to approve of.'Choo takes the 3d line as meaning-'Though I see that you do not approve of my movement(雖視爾不以我為善).’I prefer the construction in the translation,which is,again,that of Ying-tah and Yen Ts'an.

【山譯】嘉相當(dāng)于善，用作動(dòng)詞，表“贊成”之意。朱熹將第3句理解為“雖然我知道你不贊成我的行動(dòng)(雖視爾不以我為善)。而（理雅各）我更認(rèn)可我的翻譯（第二節(jié)第三句翻譯為But I regard?you?as in the wrong直譯為我認(rèn)為你是錯(cuò)的），這也是孔穎達(dá)和嚴(yán)粲的觀點(diǎn)。

爾is to be referred to許人，'the people,and more especially the ministers,of Heu'.遠(yuǎn)may be taken as equivalent to忘，'to forget'.濟(jì)refers to some stream or streams in the route between Heu and Wei.悶=閉，'to shut up';also,'to repress'.

【山譯】“爾”指得是“許人”“許國(guó)人民，主要指許國(guó)官員”。“遠(yuǎn)”可視為等同于“忘”，‘去忘記’?！皾?jì)”指的是衛(wèi)國(guó)和許國(guó)之間的一條或多條溪流?！皭灐笨衫斫鉃椤伴]”，即“關(guān)閉”；還有“壓抑”的意思。

【山注01】“嘉”即“稱善”，贊同的意思。爾雅釋詁：“嘉，善也；嘉，美也。”

【山注02】“既不我嘉”即“既不嘉我”，就是既然不贊同我。

【山注03】“旋”回的意思；“反”通返；“濟(jì)”渡的意思。組合之后“旋反”就是回反的意思；“旋濟(jì)”是回渡的意思。“濟(jì)”一般作渡的意思，不過(guò)此處理雅各認(rèn)為是名詞，表河流。

【山注04】“視爾不臧”，視原為看的意思，也可引申為比較。韓詩(shī)中，“爾”被寫作“我”，因此韓詩(shī)為“視我不臧”，不過(guò)意思差不多，一個(gè)是我認(rèn)為你的觀點(diǎn)不好；一個(gè)是你認(rèn)為我的觀點(diǎn)不好，反正都是雙方互不認(rèn)同的意思。

【山注05】此處理雅各將“閟”理解為“關(guān)閉”“壓抑”的意思。相對(duì)應(yīng)“遠(yuǎn)”則被理解為“迂遠(yuǎn)”，即迂遠(yuǎn)閉塞。整句為陳述句，即我的謀劃不迂遠(yuǎn)閉塞。不過(guò)還有一種解讀，即“閟”雖然確為“閉塞”之意，但也可理解為周密，進(jìn)而認(rèn)為閟與遠(yuǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)，分別譯為長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)周密。那么這句話就變成了反問(wèn)句，即難道我的謀劃不長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)周密嗎？

〖三〗陟彼阿丘，言采其蝱。女子善懷，亦各有行。許人尤之，眾稚且狂。

【理雅各韻體譯】

I'll climb the sides of that steep mound,

And pluck the lilies growing there.

Thoughts in my woman's heart abound,

And every thought might blossom bear.

In Heu the people all my purpose blame;

Their childish,hasty thoughts cause me no shame.

【理雅各散體譯】

I will ascend that mound with the steep side,

And gather the mother-of-pearl lilies

I might,as a woman,have many thoughts,

But every one of them was practicable.

The people of Heu blame me,

But they are all childish and hasty (in their conclusions).

The Urh-ya defines阿丘as'a mound high on one side'.The difference between this and旄丘，in iii.XII,does not immediately appear.It must depend on the spectator's point of view.

【山譯】爾雅定義“阿丘”是一邊高的土石堆。這和《邶風(fēng)》第12篇中的旄丘（前邊高的土石堆）相比，并沒(méi)有明顯區(qū)別。兩者的區(qū)分主要依靠旁觀者的觀點(diǎn)。

言is the particle.蝱，or莔，is a lily,called the'mother of pearl',from the appearance of its shining bulbous roots,or as others say,from that of its flower.It is the fritillaria Thunbergie;and I should have called it the fritillary,if I had met anywhere with the term.Many medical qualities are ascribed to the root:among them that of dissipating melancholy;-for which the baroness proposes to use it.If we attempt,with the old interpreters,to treat these two lines allusively,we experience great difficulties.

【山譯】言是虛詞。蝱，或者莔（魯詩(shī)作莔）。這是一種百合，被稱為“珍珠之母”，這是因?yàn)樗琢恋那蚯o狀根，或者像其他人說(shuō)的那樣，是因?yàn)樗幕?。它是川貝母?span id="s0sssss00s" class="color-pink-03">如果我見(jiàn)過(guò)這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)的話，我應(yīng)該叫它貝母。其根部有藥效。其中之一是驅(qū)散憂郁；許穆夫人打算用它。如果我們?cè)噲D用舊的解釋來(lái)翻譯這兩行，我們會(huì)遇到很大的困難。

In l.3,善is considered as equivalent to多,'many'.A woman is 'good at fancying things with an anxious mind'.The people of Heu,it would appear,had charged this on the baroness;and she vindicates herself.

【山譯】在第三小句中善是多的意思。女人常用焦慮的心態(tài)想象思考事情。由此句看來(lái)許國(guó)人已經(jīng)開(kāi)始指責(zé)許穆夫人，這是她在為自己辯解。

行is explained by道.'Every one of her ideas,'she says,'had a principle of reason in it.'This does not seem to be necessary.

【山譯】“行”是“道”的意思，即她說(shuō)：她的每個(gè)觀點(diǎn)都合乎原則，但被人認(rèn)為沒(méi)有必要。

尤has the sense of訧,with which it is interchangeable,-'a fault',and here,'to count as a fault'.狂,-as in Ana.V.xxi.

【山譯】尤通訧，兩者可以互換。翻譯成（名詞）錯(cuò)誤或（動(dòng)詞）犯錯(cuò)。而狂可參見(jiàn)論語(yǔ)第五公冶長(zhǎng)篇第二十一（二）條中的解釋。

【山注01】此處理雅各辨析阿丘與旄丘，是因?yàn)椤?/span>《爾雅》：左高，咸丘。右高，臨丘。前高，旄丘。后高，陵丘。偏高，阿丘。〗也就是說(shuō)一個(gè)是偏高，一個(gè)是前高。但具體應(yīng)如何區(qū)別，理雅各認(rèn)為這完全是根據(jù)觀察者自身的觀點(diǎn)。不過(guò)〖邢昺疏：“謂丘形四隅有一高而不正在左右前后者，名阿丘也。”〗意思是有一處高但這個(gè)高處不在前后左右，是偏的，這就是阿丘。

【山注02】蝱，魯詩(shī)作莔，或認(rèn)為蝱是莔的假借字?！稜栄拧氛J(rèn)為莔是貝母，中草藥，可治郁積之癥。不過(guò)貝母種類較多，有川貝母、浙貝母、太白貝母、湖北貝母。此處一般被認(rèn)為是川貝母。

【山注03】?Fritillaria Thunbergie最后一個(gè)字母難以識(shí)別，像a又像e，但查閱《詩(shī)經(jīng)植物圖鑒》（潘富俊著）后我認(rèn)為最后一個(gè)字母是i。但對(duì)不上，因?yàn)椤秷D鑒》中亦認(rèn)為此貝母為川貝母，但理雅各此處譯名與《圖鑒》中英文譯名匹配之后更像是浙貝母?Fritillaria Thunbergii Miq，怪哉！

【山注04】理雅各對(duì)“狂”引用其翻譯論語(yǔ)時(shí)的注解，這里有兩點(diǎn)需要注意：首先Ana是Analects的縮寫，理雅各將論語(yǔ)翻譯為Analects；另外，此處理雅各指的是〖論語(yǔ)5·22：子在陳曰：“歸與！歸與！吾黨之小子狂簡(jiǎn)，斐然成章，不知所以裁之?！薄降硌鸥鳂?biāo)的位置卻是5·21，這是因?yàn)槔硌鸥鲗?.02并入了5.01，因此第五篇中后排序均前移1位。

【山注05】“眾”一般認(rèn)為是指許國(guó)眾人，但亦有學(xué)者認(rèn)為，古代“眾”與“終”相通，此處可理解為“既”。即“既幼稚又愚昧”。

【山注06】〖《說(shuō)文》：稚，幼禾也。〗可將其引申為幼小，或少不更事。

〖四〗我行其野，芃芃其麥?？赜诖蟀?，誰(shuí)因誰(shuí)極？

? ? ? ? ? ?大夫君子，無(wú)我有尤。百爾所思，不如我所之。

【理雅各韻體譯】

I would through the land havo gone,

Passed where fields of rich wheat shone,

Prayer have made to Ts'e's great state,

Help have sought for Wei's sore strait.

Nobles who o'er Wei preside,

Zeal like this you should not chide.

Hundreds are the plans you make;

Best the course I wished to take!

【理雅各散體譯】

I would have gone through the country,

Amidst the wheat so luxuriant.

I would have carried the case before the great State.

On whom should I have relied?Who would come (to the help of Wei)?

Ye great officers and gentlemen,

Do not condemn me.

The hundred plans you think of

Are not equal to the course I was going to take.

The lady here speaks more fully of what her purpose had been,and again asserts its superiority to the course taken by the State.We must takes the first four lines in the conditional mood as in st.1.

【山譯】許穆夫人在第四節(jié)更充分的解釋了其目的，并再次論證其提出的策略要比國(guó)家的決策更優(yōu)秀。因此我們要像第一節(jié)那樣用條件語(yǔ)氣翻譯。

芃芃expresses the luxuriant appearance of the wheat in the fields.野is evidently 'the country'simply;not a wild,uncultivated tract.

【山譯】“芃芃”表現(xiàn)出田野里小麥繁茂的景象。“野”顯然是“鄉(xiāng)村農(nóng)莊”；并不是指一片未開(kāi)墾的荒地。

Maou explains控by引，'to lead',which we find also in the Shwoh-wan;but that meaning of the term is not applicable here.Han Ying made it=赴，'to go to',and we find告'to inform',as one of the definitions of it in the dict.The meaning evidently is that in the translation.

【山譯】毛詩(shī)認(rèn)為“控”是引的意思，可以理解為“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)”，《說(shuō)文》也是這個(gè)意思。但是這個(gè)解釋并不適用在這里。韓嬰將其寫作“赴”，即去的意思。并且我們?cè)谧值渲羞€能找到其有“告訴”的意思。這意思顯然是我翻譯的樣子。

I translate大邦?by'the great State',because the baroness could only have meant Ts'e,which at this time had the presidency of all the States of the kingdom.At a later time we find the same designation often applied in the Tso Chuen to Tsin,after it had taken the place of Ts'e.

【山譯】我將“大邦”翻譯成“大國(guó)”，因?yàn)樵S穆夫人此處的意思是齊國(guó)，一個(gè)在這個(gè)時(shí)期成為眾王國(guó)霸主的國(guó)家。之后我們可以在《左傳》中經(jīng)常看到這樣的描述，直到秦取代齊的地位。

It may be worth while to give here an account of the lady,as related by Lew Heang(列女傳).He says:The wife of Muh of Heu was a daughter of duke E of Wei.[This is an error.Tso-she is a better authority in such a matter, and acc.to him she was a daughter of Ch'aou-pih Hwan and Seuen Keang,-as I have said.See Keang Ping-chang on this ode].She was sought in marriage both by Heu and Ts'e;and when her father was about to assent to the proposals of Heu,they young lady sent a message to him by her instructress in the harem,to the effect that Heu was a small and distant State,while Ts'e was large and near to Wei;and that,as there was trouble from the Jung on the borders of Wei,when he wanted to apply to"the great State(赴告大邦)"，it would be better for her to be married there.Duke E,however,did not act according to her suggestion.'?

【山譯】此處有必要根據(jù)《列女傳》介紹一下許穆夫人：許穆公的妻子，衛(wèi)懿公的女兒。[這里有一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤，如前所言，許穆夫人是伯昭公子頑和宣姜所生]她被許和齊同時(shí)求婚。其父同意了許國(guó)的求婚，許穆夫人通過(guò)傅母向其父?jìng)鬟_(dá)一條訊息，其認(rèn)為許國(guó)的影響力小并且還離衛(wèi)國(guó)太遠(yuǎn)，齊國(guó)強(qiáng)大并且離衛(wèi)國(guó)很近。當(dāng)衛(wèi)國(guó)邊境上的戎狄侵犯時(shí)，可以向齊國(guó)求救，因此最后能夠讓她嫁給齊桓公，但可惜衛(wèi)懿公沒(méi)有按照她的意見(jiàn)行動(dòng)。

因，—as in Ana.I.xiii.極=至，'to come to'.誰(shuí)極has been explained as meaning,'Who would have been willing to come?'(So,Yen Ts'an);or,'To whom should I have gone?'(So,Hwang Yih-ching,黃一正；Ming dyn).

【山譯】關(guān)于“因”的解釋可參見(jiàn)理雅各英譯論語(yǔ)中學(xué)而第一第13條〖有子曰：“信近于義，言可復(fù)也；恭近于禮，遠(yuǎn)恥辱也；因不失其親，亦可宗也〗。“極”相當(dāng)于“至”，即來(lái)到。“誰(shuí)極”可以被解釋為“誰(shuí)會(huì)愿意來(lái)呢”（嚴(yán)粲的觀點(diǎn)）或者“我應(yīng)該去找誰(shuí)呢”（明代黃一正的觀點(diǎn)）。

無(wú)=毋，'do?not'';imperative.Choo thinks the大夫is the same as that in st.1,and that君子refers to 'all the people of the State of Heu'.I think he is wrong,and that the lady is here addressing generally the ministers and officers of the court of Heu.

【山譯】“無(wú)”是“毋”，“不要”的意思，祈使語(yǔ)氣。朱熹認(rèn)為這個(gè)“大夫”還是第一節(jié)中出現(xiàn)的那個(gè)大夫，而“君子”指的是許國(guó)的人民。但我認(rèn)為這是錯(cuò)誤的，我認(rèn)為這是許穆夫人正在向許國(guó)的大夫官僚發(fā)表演說(shuō)。

百=the hundred things or plans.之=往or適，so that the line might be translated-'Are not equal to my going',- what my going would have accomplished.

【山譯】“百”是一百件事情或者計(jì)劃?！爸笔恰巴被颉斑m”，所以這句話應(yīng)該被翻譯成“不如讓我去”即我去衛(wèi)國(guó)可以完成使命。

In Maou,the ode is divided into 5 stanzas:the 1st of 6 lines;the 2d and 3d of 4 each;the 4th of 6;and 5th of 8.In the Tso-chuen,however,under the 13 year of duke Wan,an officer is made to sing the 4th stanza of this ode,which it appears must then have contained the lines控于大邦，誰(shuí)因誰(shuí)極.This suggested to Soo Ch'eh (蘇轍)to combine Maou's 2d and 3d stanzas in one;and Choo He adopted his arrangement.

【山譯】在毛詩(shī)中這首詩(shī)被分為5節(jié)，第一節(jié)6句，第2/3節(jié)各4句，第4節(jié)6句，第5節(jié)8句。但是根據(jù)左傳記載魯文公十三年，一位官員吟誦此詩(shī)的第4節(jié)〖鄭伯與公宴于棐。子家賦《鴻雁》。季文子曰：“寡君未免于此?！蔽淖淤x《四月》。子家賦《載馳》之四章。文子賦《采薇》之四章。鄭伯拜。公答拜。〗而根據(jù)左傳前文記載，這一段吟誦必然要包含“控于大邦，誰(shuí)因誰(shuí)極”。于是蘇轍建議將毛詩(shī)第2/3節(jié)合并為1節(jié)（這樣第4節(jié)就包含了“控于大邦，誰(shuí)因誰(shuí)極”），朱熹采納了這個(gè)建議（因此就有了如今這首詩(shī)的分節(jié)方式）。

【山注01】芃芃其麥這一句一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為并不是單純的寫麥子茂盛的景象，而是在暗中表達(dá)，麥子成熟了卻無(wú)人去收，只能在田間等待，從側(cè)面表現(xiàn)國(guó)破的景象。當(dāng)然這種解釋的前提是認(rèn)為許穆夫人已經(jīng)趕回了衛(wèi)國(guó)。

【山注02】關(guān)于“控”〖《說(shuō)文》：引也。從手空聲?！?/strong>

【山注03】理雅各這音譯太燒腦了，?Ts'e是齊，因?yàn)槠湟糇g齊風(fēng)時(shí)就是這樣翻譯的，Tsin應(yīng)該是秦，因?yàn)槠湟糇g《溱洧》為Tsin Wei。

【山注04】《列女傳》這一篇問(wèn)題很多：首先許穆夫人是伯昭與宣姜所生，其次也幾乎不可能是在衛(wèi)懿公時(shí)代出嫁，歷史上，衛(wèi)懿公元年是齊桓公十八年，即元始前668年；衛(wèi)懿公三年，齊桓公為天子出氣暴揍衛(wèi)國(guó)；而魯僖公四年元始前656年，許穆公薨逝，許穆夫人之子許僖公繼位，若按衛(wèi)懿公元年許穆夫人出嫁，此時(shí)許僖公不過(guò)10歲左右。感覺(jué)時(shí)間太趕了。而最大的可能是在衛(wèi)惠公時(shí)期出嫁，因?yàn)樗銜r(shí)間公子黔牟執(zhí)政10年，宣姜要想保命，必須在前期就下嫁伯昭，而衛(wèi)惠公之后又執(zhí)政18年，算時(shí)間，衛(wèi)惠公時(shí)許穆夫人就已成年。因此綜合分析，我認(rèn)為許穆夫人在衛(wèi)惠公時(shí)出嫁最合乎現(xiàn)實(shí)。

【《列女傳·許穆夫人》】? ? 許穆夫人者，衛(wèi)懿公之女，許穆公之夫人也。初許求之，齊亦求之，懿公將與，許女因其傅母而言曰：“古者諸侯之有女子也，所以苞苴玩弄，系援于大國(guó)也。言今者許小而遠(yuǎn)，齊大而近。若今之世，強(qiáng)者為雄。如使邊境有寇戎之事，維是四方之故，赴告大國(guó)，妾在，不猶愈乎！今舍近而就遠(yuǎn)，離大而附小，一旦有車馳之難，孰可與慮社稷？”衛(wèi)侯不聽(tīng)，而嫁之于許。其后翟人攻衛(wèi)，大破之，而許不能救，衛(wèi)侯遂奔走涉河，而南至楚丘。齊桓往而存之，遂城楚丘以居。衛(wèi)侯于是悔不用其言。當(dāng)敗之時(shí)，許夫人馳驅(qū)而吊唁，衛(wèi)侯因疾之，而作詩(shī)云：“載馳載驅(qū)，歸唁衛(wèi)侯，驅(qū)馬悠悠，言至于漕，大夫跋涉，我心則憂，既不我嘉，不能旋反，視爾不臧，我思不遠(yuǎn)。”君子善其慈惠而遠(yuǎn)識(shí)也。頌曰：衛(wèi)女未嫁，謀許與齊，女諷母曰，齊大可依，衛(wèi)君不聽(tīng)，后果遁逃，許不能救，女作載馳。

【山注05】黃一正，字定父，明代揚(yáng)州人，著有《詩(shī)經(jīng)埤傳》、《事物紺珠》。
【山注05】由使臣吟詩(shī)可確定第四章節(jié)必含有“控于大邦，誰(shuí)因誰(shuí)極”。此分析過(guò)程比較繞，我盡量簡(jiǎn)單解說(shuō)一下：事情的大致過(guò)程時(shí)魯文公前往晉國(guó)尋求會(huì)盟。之后衛(wèi)侯在沓與魯文公相會(huì)，請(qǐng)求代為說(shuō)項(xiàng)以求和于晉。魯文公返回，鄭伯與魯文公相會(huì)于棐，也請(qǐng)其幫忙說(shuō)項(xiàng)求和于晉，然后魯文公全部給擺平了。當(dāng)時(shí)鄭伯與魯文公在棐宴飲，鄭國(guó)大夫子家吟誦《鴻雁》，以自比鰥寡，請(qǐng)文公憐憫；魯大夫季文子吟誦《四月》，表示我家主公自顧不暇，以婉拒。于是鄭國(guó)大夫子家吟誦《載馳》第四章，希望對(duì)方可以通融一下；魯文公同意了，于是魯大夫季文子吟誦《采薇》第四章，表示同意。鄭伯見(jiàn)事情辦成，于是下拜感謝，魯文公也下拜還禮。若按照毛詩(shī)所分章節(jié)，第四章是許人責(zé)難許穆夫人，那放到此處吟誦豈不是在責(zé)難魯文公不幫忙。那魯文公不暴走才怪！因此只有“控于大邦，誰(shuí)因誰(shuí)極”才最可能合適此處。

【《左傳·文公十三年》傳】冬，公如晉朝，且尋盟。衛(wèi)侯會(huì)公于沓，請(qǐng)平于晉。公還，鄭伯會(huì)公于棐，亦請(qǐng)平于晉。公皆成之。鄭伯與公宴于棐。子家賦《鴻雁》。季文子曰：“寡君未免于此?！蔽淖淤x《四月》。子家賦《載馳》之四章。文子賦《采薇》之四章。鄭伯拜。公答拜。

The rhymes are--in st.l,驅(qū)*，侯，cat.4,t.1;悠，漕*，憂，cat.3,t.1:in2,反，遠(yuǎn)，cat.14;濟(jì)，悶(prop.cat.12),cat.15,t.2:in3,蝱*，行*，狂，cat.10:in4,麥*,極，cat.1,t.3;尤*，思，之，ib.t.1.

標(biāo)簽：春秋許穆夫人理雅各衛(wèi)文公衛(wèi)戴公許穆公詩(shī)經(jīng)齊桓公