海洋高溫記錄被打破，對地球產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)峻影響

Image source, Getty Images?蓋蒂圖片社

By Georgina Rannard, Mark Poynting, Jana Tauschinski, Becky Dale
作者：喬治娜·蘭納德、馬克·坡印廷、賈娜·陶辛斯基、貝基·戴爾

BBC climate reporter & data team
BBC 氣候記者和數(shù)據(jù)團隊

The oceans have hit their hottest ever recorded temperature as they soak up warmth from climate change, with dire implications for our planet's health.
由于海洋吸收了氣候變化帶來的熱量，因此達到了有記錄以來最熱的溫度，這對我們星球的健康產(chǎn)生了可怕的影響。

The average daily global sea surface temperature beat a 2016 record this week, according to the EU's climate change service Copernicus.
根據(jù)歐盟氣候變化服務(wù)機構(gòu)哥白尼的數(shù)據(jù)，全球每日平均海面溫度本周打破了 2016 年的紀(jì)錄。

It reached 20.96C. That's far above the average for this time of year.
達到20.96℃。這遠遠高于一年中這個時候的平均水平。

Oceans are a vital climate regulator. They soak up heat, produce half Earth's oxygen and drive weather patterns.
海洋是重要的氣候調(diào)節(jié)器。它們吸收熱量，產(chǎn)生地球一半的氧氣并影響天氣模式。

Warmer waters have less ability to absorb carbon dioxide, meaning more of that planet-warming gas will stay in the atmosphere. And it can also accelerate the melting of glaciers that flow into the ocean, leading to more sea level rise.
溫暖的海水吸收二氧化碳的能力較差，這意味著更多的導(dǎo)致地球變暖的氣體將留在大氣中。它還會加速流入海洋的冰川融化，導(dǎo)致海平面進一步上升。

Hotter oceans and heatwaves disturb marine species like fish and whales as they move in search of cooler waters, upsetting the food chain. Experts warn that fish stocks could be affected.
更熱的海洋和熱浪會擾亂魚類和鯨魚等海洋物種，因為它們會尋找更涼爽的水域，從而擾亂食物鏈。專家警告說，魚類資源可能會受到影響。

Some predatory animals including sharks can become aggressive as they get confused in hotter temperatures.
包括鯊魚在內(nèi)的一些掠食性動物在高溫下會變得混亂，從而變得具有攻擊性。

"The water feels like a bath when you jump in," says Dr Kathryn Lesneski, who is monitoring a marine heatwave in the Gulf of Mexico for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "There is widespread coral bleaching at shallow reefs in Florida and many corals have already died."
“當(dāng)你跳進去時，感覺就像在洗澡，”為國家海洋和大氣管理局監(jiān)測墨西哥灣海洋熱浪的凱瑟琳·萊斯內(nèi)斯基博士說。 “佛羅里達州淺海珊瑚礁普遍出現(xiàn)珊瑚白化現(xiàn)象，許多珊瑚已經(jīng)死亡?！?/p>

"We are putting oceans under more stress than we have done at any point in history," says Dr Matt Frost, from the Plymouth Marine Lab in the UK, referring to the fact pollution and overfishing also change the oceans.
英國普利茅斯海洋實驗室的馬特·弗羅斯特博士說：“我們給海洋帶來的壓力比歷史上任何時候都大?！彼傅氖俏廴竞瓦^度捕撈也會改變海洋這一事實。

Scientists are worried about the timing of this broken record.
科學(xué)家們對打破這一記錄的時間感到擔(dān)憂。

Dr Samantha Burgess, from the Copernicus Climate Change Service, says March should be when the oceans globally are warmest, not August.
哥白尼氣候變化服務(wù)中心的薩曼莎·伯吉斯博士表示，三月應(yīng)該是全球海洋最溫暖的時候，而不是八月。

"The fact that we've seen the record now makes me nervous about how much warmer the ocean may get between now and next March," she says.
“我們現(xiàn)在看到了這一記錄，這一事實讓我擔(dān)心從現(xiàn)在到明年三月之間海洋可能會變暖多少，”她說。

"It is sobering to see this change happening so quickly," says Prof Mike Burrows, who is monitoring impacts on Scottish sea shores with the Scottish Association for Marine Science.
“看到這種變化發(fā)生得如此之快，令人警醒，”與蘇格蘭海洋科學(xué)協(xié)會一起監(jiān)測蘇格蘭海岸影響的邁克·伯羅斯教授說。

Scientists are investigating why the oceans are so hot right now but say that climate change is making the seas warmer as they absorb most of the heating from greenhouse gas emissions.
科學(xué)家們正在調(diào)查為什么海洋現(xiàn)在如此炎熱，但他們表示，氣候變化正在使海洋變暖，因為海洋吸收了溫室氣體排放的大部分熱量。

"The more we burn fossil fuels, the more excess heat will be taken out by the oceans, which means the longer it will take to stabilize them and get them back to where they were," explains Dr Burgess.
伯吉斯博士解釋說：“我們?nèi)紵剂显蕉?，海洋帶走的多余熱量就越多，這意味著穩(wěn)定它們并使其恢復(fù)原狀所需的時間就越長?！?/p>

The new average temperature record beats one set in 2016 when the naturally occurring climate fluctuation El Ni?o was in full swing and at its most powerful.
新的平均氣溫記錄打破了 2016 年創(chuàng)下的紀(jì)錄，當(dāng)時自然發(fā)生的氣候波動厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象正處于最猛烈階段。

El Ni?o happens when warm water rises to the surface off the west coast of South America, pushing up global temperatures.
當(dāng)暖水上升到南美洲西海岸的表面時，就會發(fā)生厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象，從而推高全球氣溫。

Another El Ni?o has now started but scientists say it is still weak - meaning ocean temperatures are expected to rise further above average in the coming months.
另一次厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象現(xiàn)已開始，但科學(xué)家表示，其強度仍然較弱，這意味著未來幾個月海洋溫度預(yù)計將進一步高于平均水平。

The broken temperature record follows a series of marine heatwaves this year including in the UK, the North Atlantic, the Mediterranean and the Gulf of Mexico.
今年打破氣溫紀(jì)錄之前，英國、北大西洋、地中海和墨西哥灣等地出現(xiàn)了一系列海洋熱浪。

"The marine heatwaves that we're seeing are happening in unusual locations where we haven't expected them," says Prof Burgess.
伯吉斯教授說：“我們所看到的海洋熱浪發(fā)生在我們沒有預(yù)料到的不尋常地點?！?/p>

In June, temperatures in UK waters were 3C to 5C higher than average, according to the Met Office and the European Space Agency.
根據(jù)英國氣象局和歐洲航天局的數(shù)據(jù)，6 月份英國水域的氣溫比平均水平高出 3 到 5 攝氏度。

In Florida, sea surface temperatures hit 38.44C last week - comparable to a hot tub.
佛羅里達州的海面溫度上周達到 38.44 攝氏度，相當(dāng)于熱水浴缸的溫度。

Normally temperatures should be between 23C and 31C, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
根據(jù)美國國家海洋和大氣管理局 (NOAA) 的數(shù)據(jù)，通常溫度應(yīng)在 23 攝氏度至 31 攝氏度之間。

Marine heatwaves doubled in frequency between 1982 and 2016, and have become more intense and longer since the 1980s, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
根據(jù)政府間氣候變化專門委員會 (IPCC) 的數(shù)據(jù)，1982 年至 2016 年間，海洋熱浪的頻率增加了一倍，并且自 20 世紀(jì) 80 年代以來變得更加強烈和持續(xù)時間更長。

While air temperatures have seen some dramatic increases in recent years, the oceans take longer to heat up, even though they have absorbed 90% of the Earth's warming from greenhouse gas emissions.
盡管近年來氣溫急劇上升，但海洋需要更長的時間才能升溫，盡管海洋吸收了溫室氣體排放造成的地球變暖的 90%。

But there are signs now that ocean temperatures may be catching up. One theory is a lot of the heat has been stored in ocean depths, which is now coming to the surface, possibly linked to El Ni?o, says Dr Karina von Schuckmann at Mercator Ocean International.
但現(xiàn)在有跡象表明海洋溫度可能正在迎頭趕上。墨卡托海洋國際公司的卡琳娜·馮·舒克曼博士表示，一種理論認(rèn)為，大量熱量儲存在海洋深處，現(xiàn)在正在浮出水面，這可能與厄爾尼諾現(xiàn)象有關(guān)。

While scientists have known that the sea surface would continue to warm up because of greenhouse gas emissions, they are still investigating exactly why temperatures have surged so far above previous years.
盡管科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)知道，由于溫室氣體排放，海面會繼續(xù)變暖，但他們?nèi)栽谡{(diào)查到底為什么氣溫比前幾年飆升得如此之多。