Queen Himiko, also known as Pimiko or Pimiku (183? - 248 CE), was a 3rd-century CE ruler of the territory in ancient Japan known as Hsieh-ma-t'ai or Yamatai, later to be known as Yamato. Considered by the Chinese as the ruler of all of Japan or Wa, given her state's power, she exchanged diplomatic embassies with the ruling Wei dynasty. A semi-legendary figure, Himiko is curiously absent from Japanese historical records but does appear briefly in Chinese histories. Himiko was noted for being a shaman queen, unmarried, and living in a fortress where she was served by 1,000 women.

? ? ? ? ? 卑彌呼女王，亦作Pimiko或Pimiku(公元183?-248)，是公元3世紀(jì)古代日本的統(tǒng)治者，被稱為Hsieh-ma-t'ai或Yamatai，后來又被稱為大和。鑒于她的國家權(quán)力，中國人認(rèn)為她是整個日本的統(tǒng)治者，她與當(dāng)時中國的魏國保持著外交關(guān)系。作為一個半傳奇式的人物，卑彌呼反而沒有出現(xiàn)在日本的歷史記錄中，但卻簡短地出現(xiàn)在中國的歷史中。卑彌呼因其是一個薩滿女王，所以未婚，她住在堡壘里，有約1000名女性為她服務(wù)。

邪馬臺國

Himeko's name in archaic Japanese means Sun Child or Sun Daughter and probably alludes to her divine descent from Amaterasu, the Shinto sun goddess, as all Japanese rulers would later be identified as being descendants of. Scholars do not agree on the exact location of Queen Himiko's state Hsieh-ma-tai/Yamatai. A minority place it in north Kyushu, but the majority consider the Nara region as the most likely candidate. In Japan, at the time of her reign during the 3rd century CE, there were around 100 kingdoms spread across the islands. It seems that Himiko's state was the most powerful of these and may have led a loose federation of 30 states as the contemporary Chinese state recognised her as, in effect, the ruler of all of the Japanese islands.

? ? ? ? ? 卑彌呼的名字在古日語中的意思是太陽之子或太陽之女，可能暗指她是神道太陽女神天照的神裔，因為所有的日本統(tǒng)治者在后來都被認(rèn)定為是其后裔。學(xué)者們對卑彌呼女王的國家Hsieh-ma-tai/Yamatai的確切位置意見并不一致。少數(shù)人將其置于九州北部，但大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為奈良地區(qū)是最有可能的候選地。在她于公元3世紀(jì)統(tǒng)治的時候，大約有100個王國分布在各個島嶼。卑彌呼的國家似乎是這些國家中最強大的，并且可能領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了一個由30個國家組成的松散聯(lián)盟，因為當(dāng)時中國魏國承認(rèn)她實際上是日本所有島嶼的統(tǒng)治者。

歷史參考文獻

Queen Himiko's role as a shamaness or high priestess, not an uncommon practice for rulers in early East Asian cultures, is alluded to in Chinese sources. The Chinese history book Wei Chih ('History of the Kingdom of Wei') which was written in 297 CE. There, we are told Himiko "occupied herself with magic and sorcery, bewitching the people" (Henshall, 152). Japanese dynastic histories such as the Kojiki ('Record of Ancient Things'), compiled in 712 CE, and the Nihon Shoki ('Chronicle of Japan' and also known as the Nihongi), compiled in 720 CE, do not mention Queen Himiko by name. It is recorded in the Nihon Shoki that the Queen (although not named) sent a tributary embassy to the Wei kingdom of China in 238 CE:

? ? ? ? ? In the sixth month of the third year of Ching-ch'u [238 CE] in the reign of Emperor Ming Ti, the queen of the Wa sent the grandee Nashonmi and other; they visited the prefecture and asked permission to proceed to the emperor's court and present tribute. The governor, Teng Hsia, dispatched an official who escorted them to the capital. (Keene, 72)

? ? ? ? ? 卑彌呼女王作為薩滿大祭司，在早期東亞文化中并不是一個罕見的統(tǒng)治者做法，在中國的資料中也提到了這一點。中國歷史書《魏志》（《魏國史》）寫于公元297年。從書中可以了解到Himiko“以魔法和巫術(shù)為己任，蠱惑人民”（Henshall, 152）。日本王朝的歷史，如公元712年編纂的《古事記》（Kojiki）和公元720年編纂的《日本書紀(jì)》（Nihon Shoki），都沒有提到卑彌呼女王的名字。在《日本書紀(jì)》中記載，卑彌呼（雖然沒有名字）在公元238年向中國的魏國派遣了一個攜帶貢品的使團：

? ? ? ? ? 明帝貞觀三年[公元238年]六月，倭國女王派Nashonmi（難升米）等人；他們訪問了縣城，請求允許前往皇宮獻上貢品。太守Teng Hsia（？）派出一名官員，護送他們到京城。

Following this embassy, the Chinese gave Himiko the honour of the title 'Queen of Wa, Friendly to Wei' and a gold seal. Other gifts given to the queen in return for her tribute of fine cloth and slaves to the region's great power included beads, 100 bronze mirrors, and swords, some items of which may have become part of the Japanese imperial regalia. Himiko sent two more embassies to China in 243 and 247 CE. For all these good relations there would not be any more contact between the two states until the Sui Dynasty of the 7th century CE.

? ? ? ? ? 這次出使后，中國人賜予了卑彌呼“倭族女王，對魏國友好”的榮譽稱號和一枚金印。作為對女王向該地區(qū)大國進貢精美布匹和奴隸的回報，她得到的其他禮物包括珠子、100面銅鏡和寶劍，其中一些物品可能已經(jīng)成為日本皇室禮服的一部分。243年和247年，卑彌呼又向中國派出了兩個使團。由于這些提前打好的關(guān)系，直到公元7世紀(jì)的隋朝，兩國之間才會有更多的接觸。

傳記詳情

According to the Wei Chih, Queen Himiko was chosen by her people following a turbulent period of 70 or 80 years beset by uprisings and warfare. Although enjoying a peaceful reign, the queen was said to have never married and lived as a recluse in a mighty towered fortress which was guarded from the outside by 100 men. Inside, the monarch was served by 1,000 female servants. Himiko did have one male attendant who served her food and acted as her point of contact with her kingdom and other states. She also left affairs of state to or at least shared them with her younger brother while she devoted herself to shamanism.

? ? ? ? ? 根據(jù)《魏志》記載，卑彌呼女王是在經(jīng)歷了70或80年的動蕩之后，由她的人民選舉上位的，而且經(jīng)常受到起義和戰(zhàn)爭的困擾。雖然處于和平的統(tǒng)治，但據(jù)說女王從未結(jié)婚，并隱居在一個高大的堡壘中，該堡壘外部由100名男子看守。堡壘內(nèi)部有1000名女子為其服務(wù)。卑彌呼確實有一個男性隨從，為她提供食物，并作為她與王國和其他國家的聯(lián)系人。她還將國家事務(wù)交給她的弟弟處理，或者至少與之分擔(dān)，而她自己則致力于薩滿教的研究。

It may be that this romantic description of seclusion and leaving politics to her brother is the result of author bias - it was common for Japanese rulers not to receive ambassadors, for example, which would lead Chinese visitors with the impression of a retiring monarch and later (male) writers were keen to establish a male-only line of sovereigns on the Japanese throne.

? ? ? ? ? 也許這種關(guān)于隱居和把政治留給弟弟的浪漫描述是作者偏見的結(jié)果——例如，日本統(tǒng)治者不接待大使是很常見的，這將使中國游客對一個退休的君主產(chǎn)生印象，而后來的（男性）作家則熱衷于在日本王位上建立一個只有男性的君主印象。

When Himiko died in 248 CE, it is said that she was interred in a tomb measuring 100 'paces' (equivalent to 150 metres) and that 100 slaves were sacrificed in her honour. With her death, Japan moved from the Yayoi Period (c. 300 BCE - c. 250 CE) to the Kofun Period (c. 250-538 CE).

? ? ? ?? ? 卑彌呼于公元248年去世，據(jù)說她被埋葬在一個長寬100 "步"（相當(dāng)于150米）的墳?zāi)怪?，并且?00個奴隸為她獻祭。隨著她的死亡，日本從彌生時代（約公元前300年-約公元前250年）進入古墳時代（約公元前250-538年）。

傳? ? ?承

Scholars continue to debate Himiko's role in Japanese history: who she was, where she might have ruled and what is the location of her fabled burial mound but without any consensus ever being reached on all three points. The ancient queen also continues to appeal to the imagination of the wider Japanese public and is easily the most recognisable name in history for the majority of Japanese school children. With regional beauty contests being held in her name, Tarot cards featuring her image, and manga comics starring the queen in various guises ranging from an erotic character to a symbol of female rulership, the legend of Himiko is sure to live on for a good while yet.

? ? ? ? ? 學(xué)者們繼續(xù)爭論卑彌呼在日本歷史上的作用：她是誰，她可能統(tǒng)治過的地方，以及她傳說中的墓冢在哪里，但在這三點上都沒有達成任何共識。這位古老的女王也繼續(xù)吸引著更多日本公眾的想象力，并且很容易成為大多數(shù)日本學(xué)生在歷史上最容易識別的名字。以她的名字舉行的地區(qū)選美比賽，以她的形象為主題的塔羅牌，以及以女王的各種身份（從色情人物到女性統(tǒng)治者的象征）出演的漫畫，卑彌呼的傳說肯定會持續(xù)很長時間。

參考書目:

Ebrey, P.B. Pre-Modern East Asia. Cengage Learning, 2008.

Edwards, W. "In Pursuit of Himiko. Postwar Archaeology and the Location of Yamatai." Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 51, No. 1 (Spring, 1996), pp. 53-79.

Henshall, K. Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press, 2013.

Sansom, G. A History of Japan to 1334. Stanford University Press, 1958.

原文作者：Mark Cartwright

????????? 駐意大利的歷史作家。他的主要興趣包括陶瓷、建筑、世界神話和發(fā)現(xiàn)所有文明的共同思想。他擁有政治哲學(xué)碩士學(xué)位，是《世界歷史百科全書》的出版總監(jiān)。

原文網(wǎng)址：https://www.worldhistory.org/Queen_Himiko/