詞匯表

?1?abbreviation? ??縮略，縮寫；簡稱shortening something by omitting parts of it

?例句：?What does the abbreviation WHO?stand?for?

2 affect? ?B2影響；侵襲；感染；打動have an influence upon?

?例句：Right now, why eating breakfast would have these effects isn’t totally clear, but it’s possible that people who skip it end up indulging more later in the day, which can affect their health.

3. association? ?B2協(xié)會；社團；聯(lián)盟a formal organization of people or groups of people

?例句：This?event?was?organized?in?association?with?a?local?school.

4. adjustment??B2?調(diào)整；調(diào)節(jié)；小改動the act of making something different

She made a few?minor?adjustments?to?the?focus?of her?camera.

5. cholesterol ?/k??les.t?r.?l/?? ??C1膽固醇a substance in the blood that can cause heart disease?

?例句：Influence of method of reporting study results on decision of physicians to prescribe drugs to lower?cholesterol?concentration.

6. cognitive? 感知的；認(rèn)知的；認(rèn)識力的? relating to or involving the mental process of knowing

例句：And they didn’t find any relationship between kids’?breakfast consumption and their scores on a test of their cognitive reasoning ability. 認(rèn)知推理能力

7 categorically?

/?k?t.??ɡ?r.?.k?l.i/絕對地，明確地，肯定地

in an absolute, definite, or firm manner

?

Top?executives?categorically?denied?that the?bank?was in?trouble.

calorie

卡，卡路里（測量食物所含熱量的單位）

unit of heat raising 1 gram of water by 1 degree centigrade

?

There are about 50 calories in an?apple.

consuming

（感情）強烈的

very intense

?

Running is a consuming?passion?with him.

component

C1組成部分；成分；零部件

one of the individual parts making up a larger entity

?

The?course?has?four?main?components:?business?law,?finance, computing?and?management?skills.

clinical

C1門診的，臨床的

relating to or based on direct observation of patients

?

She?spent?15?years?as a clinical?psychologist?with the Northumberland Health Authority.

caution

C1?謹(jǐn)慎，小心，慎重

C2告誡；提醒

judiciousness in avoiding harm or danger

The?newspaper?cautioned?its?readers?against?buying?shares?without getting good?advice?first.

composition

B2（音樂）作品，樂曲

the way in which someone or something is put together

I must quickly add that this is entirely based on personal principles, and is to be applied only to certain situations and compositions.

convince

B1??說服；使相信；使信服

make realize the truth or validity of something

Agricultural?companies?have?failed?to convince?consumers?that GM?foods?are?safe.

conclude? ?C1（以…）結(jié)束（講話、會議、文章等）bring to a close

Thus, it may be concluded that the training influenced the subjects' declarative knowledge, which also led to the development of their procedural knowledge.

consumption??C1消費量；消耗量the act of using something up

As a?nation,?our?consumption of?junk?food?is?horrifying.

database??B2（計算機）資料庫，數(shù)據(jù)庫 an organized body of related information

You have to?enter?a?password?to?access?the database.

deprive??B2奪走，搶去，剝奪take away

Some?parents?deprive themselves of many?pleasures?so that?their?children?can have the?best?of everything.

dietitian? ?飲食保健專家，營養(yǎng)學(xué)家，營養(yǎng)師a specialist in the study of nutrition

?They include guidance on the dietary treatment of the condition and the need for supervision by a?dietitian.

explore

B1探測；勘查；探索；研究

travel to or penetrate into

Virtual Reality?aims?to give us?artificial?worlds?to explore,?outside?normal?space?and?time.

experimental

C2?實驗（性）的，試驗（性）的

of the nature of or undergoing a trial

?

The?drug?is still at the experimental?stage?(= is still being?tested).

experiment

B1實驗；試驗；試用

the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation

Some?people?believe?that experiments?on?animals?should be?banned.

enhance

C1提高；增加；增強；增進

increase

A?number?of?our?clients?want?to?look?younger?to enhance?their?career?prospects.

factor

B2因素；要素

anything that contributes causally to a result

?

People's?voting?habits?are?influenced?by?political,?social?and?economic?factors.

guarantee

B2保證；保修單，包換單

an unconditional commitment that something will happen

European?Airlines guarantees?its?customers?top-quality?service.

habitual通常的；習(xí)慣性的

commonly used or practiced

Short and long-term effect of smoking on arterial-wall properties in?habitual?smokers.

highlight

B2

an area of brightness in a picture

?

The?report?highlights the need for?improved?safety.

individual

C2個人，個體;（思想或行為）與眾不同的人，有個性的人

being or characteristic of a single thing or person

The new?tax?system?would be?calculated?on the?value?of?property?owned?by an individual.

irrespective

C2不考慮地，不顧地

in spite of everything; without regard to drawbacks

?

The?legislation?must be?applied?irrespective?of?someone's?ethnic?origins.

index

C1（書后關(guān)于主題、姓名等的）索引

alphabetical listing of names and topics with page numbers

Try?looking?up "heart?disease"?in?the index.

indulge

C2（使）沉溺于；（尤指）放縱

yield to; give satisfaction to

Criminals are indulged as if they are sick, whereas the ill, the poor and the unfortunate are brutally punished.

joint

B2共有的，共享的；共同的

C2關(guān)節(jié)

junction by which parts or objects are linked together

From the application's point of view, the requirement was to deliver?joint?values whenever requested by the feeder.

mass

C1大量的；大規(guī)模的；大批的

the property of a body that causes it to have weight

During?times?of mass?unemployment, there's a?pool?of?cheap?labour?for?employers?to?draw?from.

nutrition

C1營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)；營養(yǎng)，滋養(yǎng)

the organic process of nourishing or being nourished

?

Good?nutrition is?essential?if?patients?are to make a?quick?recovery.

obese

C1肥胖的，臃腫的

excessively fat

?

She was not just?overweight; she was?clinically?obese.

positive

B2有把握的，確信的，肯定的C2（醫(yī)學(xué)檢測）呈陽性的

characterized by or displaying affirmation or acceptance

Far from being a?nuisance, she was a positive?joy?to have around.

Ratings for?positive, negative and depressive symptoms were available for 40 of the patients.

philosophize

高談闊論；賣弄大道理

reason or theorize about important and difficult issues

?

Students, she?complained, had nothing?better?to do than?spend?whole?days?philosophizing?about?the?nature?of?truth.

pattern

B2?方式，形式；模式

a repeated design, structure, or arrangement

A pattern is?beginning?to?emerge?from?our?analysis?of the?accident?data.

psychological

B2心理的；心理學(xué)的

mental or emotional as opposed to physical in nature

He?claims?that the?constant?aircraft?noise?has a?bad?psychological?effect?on the?residents.

potential

B2潛在的，可能的

existing in possibility

Of?course?we don't?want?to?alarm?people?unnecessarily, but they should be?alerted?to potential?dangers.

physical

B2

relating?to the?body?身體的

C2實物的；物質(zhì)的；有形的

involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit ????

We are?concerned?with the physical and?psychological?well-being?of?our?employees.

profitable

B2有盈利的；有益的

yielding material gain

Gradually the items she sold were less and less capital intensive and less and less?profitable.

prescribe

C2（醫(yī)生）開（藥），為…開（藥），囑咐（療法）

issue commands or orders for

The?law?prescribes?that?all?children?must go to?school.

questionnaire

B1問卷；情況調(diào)查表

a form with a set of queries to gain statistical information

例句： Visitors to the?country?have been?asked?to?fill?in?a?detailed?questionnaire.

range

B1（一）批；（一）類；（一）系列

a variety of different things or activities

As an?actor?he could?communicate?a?whole?range of?emotions.

randomize

使…隨機化

arrange or organize by chance, without any order or plan

?

Thus, patients randomized to counseling have higher counseling costs at 12 months than those randomized to antidepressants and vice versa.

responsive

反應(yīng)積極的；反應(yīng)敏捷的

reacting to a stimulus

?

The?disease?has?proved?responsive?to?the new?treatment.

random

C1任意的；隨機的；胡亂的

lacking any definite plan or order or purpose

The?security?guards?carried?out random?checks?on?people?entering?the?building.

royal

B2國王的；女王的；王室的

of or relating to a king, queen, or other monarch

Acting as political hostesses was one way in which?royal?wives could make their mark.

regulate

C1控制，管理，調(diào)節(jié)，調(diào)整

bring into conformity with rules, principles, or usage

The?government?has?introduced?new?laws?to regulate the?sale?of?firearms.

resource

B2資源；財力；素質(zhì)

aid or support that may be drawn upon when needed

Britain's?mineral?resources?include?coal?and?gas?deposits.

sensitivity

C1善解人意；體貼；體諒

responsiveness to emotional feelings

?

One of the?side?effects?of the?drug?is an?increased?sensitivity?to?sunlight.

standardize

使標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，使合乎標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

cause to conform to a norm

?

The?profile?summarizes?key?information?about a?product?in a standardized?format?designed?to make it?easier?to?compare?products.

specifically

C1特意，專門地

in distinction from others

Specifically, it is likely that experimental data will be needed to replicate and extend the current findings based here on observational data.

status

C1（尤指在社會中的）地位，身份

the condition or someone or something at a particular time

The?association?works?to?promote?the status of?retired?people?as?useful?members?of the?community.

trend

B1趨勢，趨向；傾向

a general tendency to change, as of opinion

With an?upward?trend in?inflation, you?expect?prices?to?rise.

tackle

B2對付，處理；與…交涉

seize and throw down an opponent player carrying the ball

However, this perspective allows certain problems to be tackled more easily.

typical

B1典型的，有代表性的

exhibiting the qualities that identify a group or kind

Typical?symptoms?would?include?severe?headaches,?vomiting?and?dizziness.

trial

B2審判，審理

the act of testing something

After the trial, his?family?said they had?lost?all?faith?in the?judicial?system.

variable

C1多變的；反復(fù)無常的

something that is likely to change

The?data?was?analysed?according?to?neighbourhoods, but other?key?variables like?credit?rating?and?marital?status?were?ignored?altogether.

variation

B2變化；變動

the process of being or becoming different

The?medical?tests?showed?some variation?in?the baby's?heart?rate.

?

Text 1

breakfast: The most important meal of the day?

Spence, Charles

DOI：10.1016/j.ijgfs.2017.01.003

Stating the obvious, we typically eat different foods at different times of day. But why should that be so? While much of this variation is likely down to cultural factors, the dietitians also have plenty to say on the matter of?what?we should be eating and drinking?when, in order, for instance, to lose weight, or else to help enhance our cognitive performance during the course of the day.

In recent years, many of the larger food companies have become increasingly interested in trying either to break into the profitable, not to mention growing, market for breakfast foods, or else to?figure out?how to convince more consumers to eat 'breakfast foods' at other times of day.

In this review, I want to take a closer look at?the psychological science behind the first meal of the day, highlighting why it may be even more important than most people think – both to the consumer but also the food industry more generally.

Finally, I summarize a number of the current trends in the kinds of breakfast items that are becoming more/less popular, and consider what may be driving them.

?

?

Text 2

Is breakfast the most important meal of the day?

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society/article/is-breakfast-the-most-important-meal-of-the-day/74DC8BF20CAF1D7D5E75CD46A35451F8

?

作者：JA betts，EA Chowdhury，JT Gonzalez，JD Richardson，K Tsintzas，D Thompson

?

The Bath breakfast Project?is a series of randomised controlled trials exploring the effects of extended morning fasting on energy balance and health.?These?trials were categorically not designed to answer whether or not breakfast is the most important meal of the day. However, this review will philosophise about ?the meaning of that question and? about what questions we should be asking to better understand the effects of breakfast, before summarising how individual components of energy balance and health respond to breakfast?v.?fasting in lean and obese adults.

Current evidence does not support a clear effect of regularly consuming or skipping breakfast on body mass/composition, metabolic rate or diet-induced thermogenesis. Findings regarding energy intake are variable, although the balance of evidence indicates some degree of compensatory feeding later in the day such that overall energy intake is either unaffected or slightly lower when breakfast is omitted from the diet. However, even if net energy intake is reduced, extended morning fasting may not result in expected weight loss due to compensatory adjustments in physical activity thermogenesis. Specifically, we report that both lean and obese adults expended less energy during the morning when remaining in the fasted state than when consuming a prescribed breakfast.

Further research is required to examine?whether particular health markers may be responsive to breakfast-induced responses of individual components of energy balance irrespective of their net effect on energy balance and therefore body mass.



關(guān)鍵詞：Fasting,?Energy balance,?Health,?Thermogenesis生熱作用,

Abbreviations DIT：??diet-induced thermogenesis

?

8–9 December 2015 The Joint Winter Meeting between the Nutrition Society and the Royal Society of Medicine The Royal Society of Medicine, London

DOI：10.1017/S0029665116000318

被引量：10??年份：2016

來自： Cambridge University Press

??

Video transcript: breakfast

It’s the most important meal of the day -- or so we’ve been told. But scientists has tackled whether or not this is really true, and the results have been mixed. One claim you’ve properly heard is that eating breakfast every day helps you lost weight, and there’s definitely evidence to support this. At least, to a degree.

In 2017, the American Heart Association reviewed the science on the effects of different eating patterns, searching databases?for relevant studies and looking for big patterns in their findings. And they concluded that people who eat breakfast are less likely to be clinically obese.

So there you go!

But a lot of the studies this was based on just asked people to report their breakfast habits along with various other information about themselves. Without experimental data, there could be lots of other factors at play -- like, maybe people who skip breakfast also tend to be less active, or to eat poorer diets overall.

When researchers actually do experiments, the benefits of breakfast become less clear. For example, in 2016, researchers randomly assigned 23 people whose body mass indexes?（BMI）were in the obese range to either eat breakfast or not for 6 weeks.

They didn’t standardize exactly what the first group had to eat, but it had to be at least 700 calories before 11AM. Regardless, the researchers didn’t find any difference between the two groups in their weight change during that time. And other studies have been kind of a mixed bag. So it’s hard to tell if breakfast has a guaranteed?effect on weight one way or another, despite what lots of diet websites like to say. But hey, don’t give up on breakfast just yet -- weight loss isn’t the only potential benefit. That same American heart association report found that people who ate breakfast were less likely to have high cholesterol 膽固醇o(jì)r high blood pressure?or problems with their blood sugar. Even that 2016 experiment found that the group assigned to eat breakfast had increased insulin sensitivity at the end of the six weeks -- they needed less insulin in order to regulate their sensitivity at the end of the six weeks -- they needed less insulin in order to regulate their blood sugar, which is a good thing. ?

Right now, why eating breakfast would have these effects isn’t totally clear, but it’s possible that people who skip it end up indulging more later in the day, which can affect their health. ?Outside of weight loss and general health, one place where breakfast also gets a lot of emphasis is in schools.?School breakfast programs are popular because we hope that they will help kids do better academically -- but even for this, the evidence is mixed.

A 2009 review of studies of school breakfast programs found that they can have a positive effect on academic performance, but that this may be partly just because they encourage performance, but this may just encourage kids to actually show up.

?And -- no surprise here -- the benefits of school breakfasts are greater for kids whose overall nutrition is poorer.

?Another group of researchers took a look at the evidence out there in 2013, and they concluded that habitually eating breakfast did help children stay on task in school and improved academic performance. But again, they cautioned that other factors could be getting mixed up in this, like socio-economic status -- kids who eat breakfast may also come from families that are better able to provide for them overall.

?Again, the problem is that a lot of these studies aren’t experimental: They are just comparing kids who already don’t eat breakfast with those that do. This limits how much they can actually tell us. For example, a 2015 study in Great Britain had 292 kids between the ages of 11 and 13 fill out questionnaire on their breakfast habits.

And they didn’t find any relationship between kids’ breakfast consumption?and their scores on a test of their cognitive reasoning ability.

Some actual experiments would help clear this up, but it’s also not a great idea to deprive kids of breakfast if they want to eat it. So for now, we’ll have to work with what we have. Also, if you’re wondering what this all means for adults -- whether breakfast improves our performance at work -- well, sadly, this hasn’t been studied very much. Unlike schools, adults’ workplaces generally aren’t in the business of feeding them and don’t usually hand out easy-to-interpret test scores, so data is probably harder to?come by.?

So what’s the takeaway here? If you’re the kind of person who eats breakfast, chances are you’re already someone who has the resources to take good care of yourself and eats well overall. So just starting your day with a hearty (豐盛的) breakfast if you don’t already won’t magically fix everything that’s wrong in your life. But it definitely won’t hurt you, either.

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