Participles

分詞

Participles are used to create complex verb forms, to express ideas such as "I will have read" or "The wine has been drunk". Participles are formed from verbs. There are two categories of participles: active and passive. Each category has present, future and past tenses.

分詞通常用來(lái)創(chuàng)造復(fù)雜的動(dòng)詞形式，用來(lái)表達(dá)例如“我將會(huì)閱讀”或者是“這杯酒已經(jīng)被喝過(guò)”。分詞由動(dòng)詞變成，通常有兩種類別：主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)。兩種類別都由現(xiàn)在時(shí)，將來(lái)時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)（三個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)）

Notice that the vowels "i", "a" and "o" are the same ones used for past, present and future verb endings.

注意，元音“i”，“a”和“o”也是可以作為過(guò)去時(shí)，現(xiàn)在時(shí)和將來(lái)時(shí)的動(dòng)詞詞尾

In this skill we focus on the passive participles.

在本節(jié)課中，我們主要講的是被動(dòng)分詞。

Passive participles

被動(dòng)分詞

Let's look at these two English sentences:

讓我們先看看這兩個(gè)英語(yǔ)句子

The owl ate the mouse.

貓頭鷹吃老鼠

The mouse was eaten by the owl.

老鼠被貓頭鷹吃掉了

They both say the same thing, but in the second sentence the mouse becomes the focus of interest, and also the subject of the verb, instead of the owl.

這兩句話其實(shí)都在表達(dá)同一個(gè)意思：貓頭鷹把老鼠吃掉了。但在第二句，老鼠則成為了人們興趣的焦點(diǎn)，同時(shí)也代替了貓頭鷹成為了第二句話的主語(yǔ)

To use the correct grammatical terms, the first sentence has an?active?verb, "ate", and the second verb has a?passive?verb "was eaten".

用正確的語(yǔ)法術(shù)語(yǔ)來(lái)解釋的話，第一句話里有一個(gè)主動(dòng)動(dòng)詞“ate”,而第二句話里面有個(gè)被動(dòng)動(dòng)詞“was eaten”

Here are examples of the use of passive participles:

下面是過(guò)去分詞的使用例

Participles are like adjectives

分詞和形容詞類似

Participles end in?-a?like adjectives. In fact, they are used in the same way as adjectives, which means that they agree in number and case with the noun that they belong to:

分詞以-a結(jié)尾的時(shí)候和形容詞類似。事實(shí)上，它們的使用方式也和形容詞一個(gè)dio樣，這意味著它們要和它們所修飾的目標(biāo)的數(shù)要保持一致。

La libro estas legita.?= The book (literally: is having been read) has been read.

（書本正在被讀）

La libroj estas legitaj.?= The books (literally: are having been read) have been read.

（那些書本正在被讀）

Mi trovis du rompitajn po?telefonojn.?= I found two mobile phones (literally: having been broken) that had been broken / I found two broken mobile phones.

（我找到了兩部被破壞了的手機(jī)）

More about participles

更多關(guān)于分詞的內(nèi)容

Participles can be combined with past, present and future tenses of?esti:

分詞能夠和esti 的過(guò)去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在時(shí)以及將來(lái)時(shí)組合

Examples with a passive participle:?

過(guò)去分詞的例子：

La libro estos legita.?
(literally: The book will be having been read.)
The book will have been read.?

這本書將要被讀

La libro estas legita.

(literally: The book is having been read.)?
The book has been read.?

這本書正在被讀

La libro estis legita.?

(literally: The book was having been read.)
The book had been read.

這本書已經(jīng)讀過(guò)了

[Note: the "literal" translations above are presented as an aid to understanding and using participles; they are not colloquial English and are not acceptable translations of Esperanto sentences in this course].

[注意：那些帶有字面意思注釋的句子翻譯是幫助你去理解和使用分詞的，在英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)里并不會(huì)出現(xiàn)這樣的用法，它也不會(huì)被本節(jié)課的翻譯習(xí)題接納為正確的答案。]

Participles +?-o?ending

以—O結(jié)尾的分詞

An?o-ending on a participle generally signifies a person:?

以-o結(jié)尾的分詞通常指代特定的人：

la elektito?- the one who got elected （被選中的人）
la konato?- the one who is known, the acquaintance（熟人,認(rèn)識(shí)的人）

原文：www.duolingo.cn/skill/eo/Participles2/tips-and-notes

翻譯：vanilo