本期講的是“食人”，慎點

A brief history of cannibalism

來源視頻

15th century Europeans believed ?they had hit upon a miracle cure:

a remedy for epilepsy, hemorrhage, bruising, nausea, and virtually any other ?medical ailment.

This brown powder could be mixed ?into drinks, made into salves or eaten straight up.

It was known as mumia and made ?by grinding up mummified human flesh.

15世紀(jì)的歐洲人相信 他們偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種神奇解藥，

能治療癲癇、出血、挫傷、嘔吐，幾乎包治百病。

這種棕色粉末可摻進飲料里、做成藥膏、或者直接口服。

它被稱作 “mumia”， 由人肉干磨碎制成。

The word "cannibal" dates from the ?time of Christopher Columbus;

in fact, Columbus may even have ?coined it himself.?

After coming ashore on the ?island of Guadaloupe,

Columbus' initial reports back ?to the Queen of Spain?

described the indigenous people as friendly and peaceful—

though he did mention rumors of a ?group called the Caribs,

who made violent raids and then cooked ?and ate their prisoners.

In response, Queen Isabella granted ?permission to capture and enslave?anyone who ate human flesh.

實際上，這個詞可能 是哥倫布創(chuàng)造的。

在登陸瓜達魯佩島后，

哥倫布在給西班牙女王 的首次報告中，

描繪了當(dāng)?shù)赝林说挠焉婆c和平，

但他也提到了加勒比族的傳言，

據(jù)說他們會暴力襲擊并煮食俘虜。

作為回應(yīng)，伊莎貝拉女王頒布了

允許抓捕和奴役食人者的命令。

When the island failed to produce the gold Columbus was looking for,

he began to label anyone who resisted his ?plundering and kidnapping as a Caribe.

Somewhere along the way, the word "Carib" ?became "Canibe" and then "Cannibal.?

First used by colonizers to dehumanize ?indigenous people,

it has since been applied to anyone ?who eats human flesh.

當(dāng)島上的黃金被掠奪得所剩無幾后，

他開始將抵抗者歸為加勒比人，

久而久之，“加勒比人（Carib）”變成了 “Canibe”，最后演變?yōu)椤笆橙俗澹–annibal）”。

這個詞一開始被殖民者 用來對原住民去人性化，

之后成為對所有食人者的統(tǒng)稱。

So the term comes from an account that ?wasn't based on hard evidence,?

but cannibalism does have a real and ?much more complex history.

It has taken diverse forms— sometimes, ?as with mumia,

it doesn't involved recognizable parts ?of the human body.

雖然詞語的由來缺乏有力證據(jù)，

但人類相食確實有著 漫長而復(fù)雜的歷史。

食人有多種形式， 比如像 mumia 的粉末，

這種形式無法辨別出 所用的人體部位。

The reasons for cannibalistic practices ?have varied, too.

Across cultures and time periods, there's ?evidence of survival cannibalism,

when people living through a famine, ?siege or ill-fated expedition

had to either eat the bodies of the dead ?or starve to death themselves.

食人的理由也多種多樣。

歷史上許多時期都有過 為了生存的食人記載，

當(dāng)遭受饑荒、受到封鎖 或者遠征途中遭遇不幸時，

人們只能選擇吃死人 或是成為死人。

But it's also been quite common ?for cultures

to normalize some form of eating human ?flesh under ordinary circumstances.

Because of false accounts ?like Columbus's,

it's difficult to say exactly how common ?cultural cannibalism has been—

but there are still some examples of ?accepted cannibalistic practices

from within the cultures practicing them.

Take the medicinal cannibalism in Europe ?during Columbus's time.

但在很多文化中，

食人在日常生活中也不足為奇。

由于類似哥倫布的錯誤記載，

我們很難透徹了解 食人在文化中有多常見，

但可以知道的是，

有些文化接受食人行為。

比如中世紀(jì)的醫(yī)用食人法。

Starting in the 15th century, the demand ?for mumia increased.

At first, stolen mummies from Egypt ?supplied the mumia craze,

but soon the demand was too great to be ?sustained on Egyptian mummies alone,

and opportunists stole bodies from ?European cemeteries to turn into mumia.

Use of mumia continued for ?hundreds of years.

It was listed in the Merck index, ?a popular medical encyclopedia,

into the 20th century.

在15世紀(jì)，mumia 供不應(yīng)求，

一開始，商人從埃及偷盜木乃伊，

但不久后，木乃伊無法 應(yīng)對需求的激增，

投機者便從歐洲的墓園 偷盜尸體制成藥粉。

mumia 療法持續(xù)了幾百年，

它被列在著名醫(yī)藥百科全書 《默克索引》中，

進入了二十世紀(jì)。

And ground up mummies were far from ?the only remedy made from human flesh

that was common throughout Europe.

Blood, in either liquid or powdered form, ?was used to treat epilepsy,

while human liver, gall stones, oil ?distilled from human brains,

and pulverized hearts were popular ?medical concoctions.

歐洲常見的人肉制品

遠不止磨碎的木乃伊：

液體和粉狀的人血 都曾被用來治療癲癇，

肝臟、膽結(jié)石、人腦提煉的油、

以及磨碎的心臟 都是很受歡迎的藥方。

In China,

the written record of socially accepted ?cannibalism goes back almost 2,000 years.

One particularly common ?form of cannibalism

appears to have been filial cannibalism,

where adult sons and daughters would ?offer a piece of their own flesh

to their parents.

This was typically offered as a last-ditch attempt to cure a sick parent,

and wasn't fatal to their offspring—

it usually involved flesh from the thigh ?or, less often, a finger.

在中國，

文字記載的食人現(xiàn)象 要追溯到?2000?年前，

最具代表性的是

父母食用子女的肉。

成年的子女

會獻出身上一部分肉給父母吃。

這通常作為治療 病危父母的最后手段，

但對于子女并不是致命的，

這些肉來自于大腿， 也有較少的情況下來自手指。

Cannibalistic funerary rites are another ?form of culturally sanctioned cannibalism.

Perhaps the best-known example came ?from the Fore people of New Guinea.

Through the mid-20th century, members ?of the community would,

if possible, make their funerary ?preferences known in advance,

sometimes requesting that family members gather to consume the body after death.

Tragically, though these rituals ?honored the deceased,

they also spread a deadly disease known ?as kuru through the community.

食人葬禮儀式是另一種 被文化認同的食人形式。

或許最著名的例子是 新幾內(nèi)亞的法雷人：

20世紀(jì)中期，很多法雷人

會盡可能提前公布 自己的葬禮偏好，

有時會請求家庭成員們 在自己死后一同吃掉尸體。

不幸的是，雖然這些儀式 表達了對死者的敬意，

但也傳播了一種 致命的疾?。簬祠敳?。

Between the fictionalized stories, ?verifiable practices,

and big gaps that still exist ?in our knowledge,

there's no one history of cannibalism.

But we do know that people have ?been eating each other,

volunteering themselves to be eaten,

and accusing others of eating ?people for millennia.

在虛構(gòu)故事、可證實的做法、

和我們貧瘠的知識中，

食人的歷史尚未有統(tǒng)一的說法。

但我們知道，人類同類相食，

自愿被吃，

以及指控他人吃人已有數(shù)千年之久。