Conwy Castle (aka Conway Castle), located in North Wales, was built by Edward I of England (r. 1272-1307 CE) from 1283 to 1292 CE to protect and maintain, along with several other castles, his newly acquired dominance in the region. Built on a rock promontory, the castle incorporated the latest defensive design features such as massive round towers, a double courtyard or bailey, and outer barbican defensive walls and towers. Conwy Castle is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

? ? ? ? ? 康威城堡（Conway Castle）位于北威爾士，由英格蘭的愛(ài)德華一世（公元 1272 年至 1307 年）于公元 1283 年至 1292 年期間建造，旨在與其他幾座城堡一起保護(hù)和維持他在該地區(qū)新獲得的統(tǒng)治地位。城堡建在巖石岬角上，采用當(dāng)時(shí)最新穎的防御設(shè)計(jì)，如巨大的圓塔、雙層庭院或城寨堡壘、外柵防御墻與塔樓。康威城堡已被聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。

??愛(ài)德華一世城堡建筑

From 1272 CE Edward I, the new king of England, conquered most of Wales and joined it with the county system present in England. Following the death of Llywelyn, the Prince of Wales, in 1282 CE, the only part of Wales which remained free was the wild mountainous north and here the king built several major castles which included Caernarfon Castle, Harlech Castle, and Conwy Castle. Work began on Conwy Castle in March 1283 CE and would continue over that decade, the vast team of labourers, masons, and craftsmen being supervised by Master James of Saint Georges (c. 1235-1308 CE), the experienced architect and engineer who had previously built castles in Europe and who would be involved in many of Edward's other Welsh castles.

? ? ? ? ? 從公元 1272 年起，英格蘭新國(guó)王愛(ài)德華一世征服了威爾士的大部分地區(qū)，并將其納入英格蘭現(xiàn)有的郡縣制度。公元 1282 年，威爾士親王盧埃林 (Llywelyn) 去世后，威爾士唯一仍然自由的地區(qū)是北部荒涼的山區(qū)，國(guó)王在這里建造了幾座主要城堡，其中包括卡那封城堡 (Caernarfon Castle)、哈萊克城堡 (Harlech Castle)和康威城堡( Conwy Castle )?？低潜さ慕ㄔ煊诠?1283 年 3 月開(kāi)始，并持續(xù)了十年之久，由圣喬治的詹姆斯大師（約公元 1235-1308 年）負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)督龐大的工人、泥瓦匠和工匠團(tuán)隊(duì)，詹姆斯大師是一位經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的建筑師和工程師，曾在歐洲建造過(guò)城堡，并參與了愛(ài)德華的許多其他威爾士城堡的建造。 ?

King Edward selected as a suitable site for the castle a high rock perched above the estuary of the River Conwy on the east side and the Gyffin stream on the south side. Easily defended, the castle could then be supplied by the river in times of siege. However, as with his other castles, Conwy's position had a significance beyond mere defensive features as it was also the site of the Cistercian Aberconwy Abbey of Saint Mary, founded there a century before. The abbey was also the burial place of Llywelyn ap Iorworth, the prince who ruled North Wales and who is often called Llywelyn the Great (r. 1195-1240 CE). The Cistercian monks were obliged to move elsewhere (although Edward did pay for the move) and, once again, the English king appropriated a culturally significant site for his own message: a new order had begun.

? ? ? ? ? 愛(ài)德華國(guó)王選擇了一塊高高的巖石作為城堡的合適地基，這塊巖石位于康威河（River Conwy）東側(cè)和吉芬河（Gyffin）南側(cè)的河口之上。城堡易守難攻，在被圍困時(shí)可以通過(guò)河流獲得補(bǔ)給。然而，與其他城堡一樣，康威城堡的位置意義不僅僅在于防御，因?yàn)樗€是一個(gè)世紀(jì)前在此建立的熙篤會(huì)阿伯康威圣瑪麗修道院的所在地。該修道院也是統(tǒng)治北威爾士的王子盧埃林 (Llywelyn ap Iorworth) 的埋葬地，他通常被稱(chēng)為盧埃林大帝（Llywelyn the Great，公元 1195-1240 年在位）。熙篤會(huì)的修道士們不得不遷往別處（盡管愛(ài)德華支付了搬遷費(fèi)用），英格蘭國(guó)王再一次將一個(gè)具有重要文化意義的地方據(jù)為己有，以傳達(dá)自己的信息：新的秩序已經(jīng)開(kāi)始。

Local limestone and grey sandstone were used (except for finely carved decorative elements), most of which came from a quarry right next to the town, greatly saving on costs as the transport of heavy materials was by far the most expensive part of building a medieval castle. Still, other materials such as lead, steel, iron, tin, and glass came from across the kingdom so that, altogether, the castle cost some 15,000 pounds (over $30 million today) to finish. It was money well spent, though, because Edward needed the castle for his own personal safety in the winter of 1294-5 CE. The Welsh uprising led by Madog ap Llywelyn resulted in an army besieging Conwy, and the castle could not be reinforced until the spring because of heavy floods. Edward was even obliged to share out his personal wine stock as the siege bit hardest in early 1295 CE. This was to be the only time Edward ever stayed at Conwy; perhaps he had bad memories of the siege and had no wish to ever return. In 1301 CE Edward had his son, the future Edward II of England (r. 1307-1327 CE) declared the Prince of Wales, and he received homage from his subjects in a ceremony at Conwy Castle. The castle then went through a period of neglect but was repaired in the second half of the 14th century CE.

? ? ? ? ? 城堡的建造使用了當(dāng)?shù)氐氖沂突疑皫r（精雕細(xì)刻的裝飾元素除外），其中大部分來(lái)自城鎮(zhèn)旁邊的采石場(chǎng)，大大節(jié)省了成本，因?yàn)檫\(yùn)輸重型材料是中世紀(jì)城堡建設(shè)中最昂貴的部分。此外，鉛、鋼、鐵、錫和玻璃等其他材料也來(lái)自整個(gè)王國(guó)，因此，城堡的完工總共花費(fèi)了大約 15000 英鎊（相當(dāng)于現(xiàn)在的 3000 多萬(wàn)美元）。不過(guò)，這筆錢(qián)花得很值，因?yàn)樵诠?1294-5 年的冬天，愛(ài)德華需要這座城堡來(lái)保證自己的人身安全。馬多格·阿普·盧韋林領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的威爾士起義軍圍攻康威，由于洪水泛濫，城堡直到春天才得以加固。公元 1295 年初，在圍困最艱難的時(shí)候，愛(ài)德華甚至不得不分享他個(gè)人的葡萄酒儲(chǔ)備。這也是愛(ài)德華唯一一次在康威逗留；也許他對(duì)那次圍城留下了不好的回憶，再也不想回來(lái)了。公元 1301 年，愛(ài)德華宣布他的兒子，未來(lái)的英格蘭愛(ài)德華二世（公元 1307-1327 年）為威爾士親王，并在康威城堡舉行儀式接受臣民的致敬。后來(lái)，這座城堡一度荒廢，但在公元 14 世紀(jì)下半葉得以修復(fù)。 ?

The castle was famously used as a refuge of last resort by another king, indeed, the next royal person to stay there. This time it was Richard II of England (r. 1377-1399 CE) who, during his fight for the English throne with his cousin Henry Bolingbroke (future King Henry IV of England, r. 1399-1413 CE), used Conwy as his base. Richard was tempted to come out of the castle on 20 August 1399 CE by a traitorous adviser, and the king was promptly imprisoned in the Tower of London and then forced to abdicate by Parliament. The castle would see action again, this time in 1401 CE when it was captured during the Welsh rebellion led by Owain Glyn Dwr (c. 1359 - c. 1415 CE).

? ? ? ? ? 這座城堡曾被另一位國(guó)王作為最后的避難所而聞名于世，事實(shí)上，他也是下一位留在那里的皇室成員。這一次是英格蘭的理查德二世（CV19753203）（公元 1377-1399 年），他在與表弟亨利·博林布魯克（未來(lái)的英格蘭國(guó)王亨利四世，公元 1399-1413 年在位）爭(zhēng)奪英國(guó)王位時(shí)，以“Conwy”為自己的王位。公元 1399 年 8 月 20 日，理查德在一名叛徒顧問(wèn)的引誘下走出城堡，國(guó)王隨即被囚禁在倫敦塔，隨后被議會(huì)強(qiáng)迫退位。這座城堡在威爾士的歐文·格林·杜爾（Owain Glyn Dwr，約公元 1359 年-約 1415 年）領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的叛亂中被攻陷。 ?

布局與功能

Conwy Castle was built with a curtain wall punctuated by eight massive circular towers and two fortified gates. The main gate was on the west side of the castle and had a triple arrangement of doors and portcullises, protected on either side by a massive circular tower, built a little further apart than was usual because of the formation of the rock upon which they were built. The gate was further protected by a barbican or semi-independent fortification structure with three towers and an entrance gate at a right angle to the main gate. In addition, the approach to the gate was via a steep stairway and then a drawbridge over a deep ditch. The castle's second gate, on the east side, also had a double tower arrangement and its own barbican, again with three towers. As both barbicans were lower than the curtain wall behind them, defenders could easily fire down upon anyone attacking the outer defences.

? ? ? ? ? 康威城堡的幕墻內(nèi)有八座巨大的圓形塔樓和兩座堅(jiān)固的城門(mén)。主門(mén)位于城堡西側(cè)，有三重門(mén)和吊閘，兩側(cè)有巨大的圓形塔樓拱衛(wèi)，由于巖石地基的因素，這些塔樓之間的距離比通常的要遠(yuǎn)一些。城門(mén)還受到一個(gè)柵欄或半獨(dú)立防御工事的進(jìn)一步保護(hù)，柵欄上有三個(gè)塔樓和一個(gè)與城門(mén)成直角的入口門(mén)。此外，通往城門(mén)的通道是一條陡峭的階梯，然后是一條橫跨深溝的吊橋。城堡東側(cè)的第二道門(mén)也有雙塔結(jié)構(gòu)和自己的柵欄，同樣有三個(gè)塔樓。由于兩個(gè)柵欄都比后面的幕墻低，防御者可以很容易地向攻擊外圍防御的人開(kāi)火。 ??

The inner courtyard was divided by a cross-wall into two wards (aka baileys). The smaller inner ward (to the east) contained the royal residence, granary, and private chapel, while the outer ward on the west side of the castle was much larger and had the Great Hall (up to 30 metres / 98 ft. in length), main chapel, kitchens, and other domestic buildings, including barracks for the castle's garrison of 15 crossbowmen. The castle's main well was located in the southeast corner of the outer ward and was originally 21.7 metres (70 ft.) deep. There was an expensively turfed garden, a fashionable feature of castles of the period and distinct from the kitchen garden where herbs, vines, and vegetables were grown. A small gate and drawbridge connected the two wards. The castle has an unusual set of three latrines on a single floor of one of the lower towers. Finally, the castle was originally covered in white plaster, traces of which remain today, and a number of shields would have been hung from the walls, all to give Edward an even more striking castle with which to impress the locals.

? ? ? ? ? 內(nèi)院被一道橫墻分成兩個(gè)院落（baileys）。較小的內(nèi)院（在東面）有王室官邸、糧倉(cāng)和私人小教堂，而城堡西面的外院要大得多，有大廳（長(zhǎng)達(dá) 30 米/98 英尺）、主教堂、廚房和其他家庭建筑，包括城堡駐軍 15 名十字弓兵的營(yíng)房。城堡的主井位于外城的東南角，最初深 21.7 米（70 英尺）。城堡內(nèi)有一個(gè)鋪有昂貴草皮的花園，這是當(dāng)時(shí)城堡的時(shí)尚特征，與種植香草、葡萄和蔬菜的菜園截然不同。一座小門(mén)和吊橋連接著兩個(gè)院子。這座城堡在其中一座較低塔樓的一層上有一套不尋常的三個(gè)廁所。最后，城堡最初是用白色灰泥覆蓋的，至今還留有痕跡，墻壁上還懸掛著許多盾牌，所有這些都是為了讓愛(ài)德華擁有一座更加引人注目的城堡，給當(dāng)?shù)厝肆粝律羁痰挠∠蟆?/strong>

堅(jiān)固的城鎮(zhèn)

The castle also protected the adjacent walled town of Conwy, which, in turn, protected the castle's weakest side. A deep ditch was dug out between the castle and town as an extra defensive measure The town fortification walls were added between 1283 and 1287 CE and cost almost as much as the castle did to build. These town walls originally measured some 1,300 metres (1,400 yards) in length and included an impressive 21 towers. One section of wall has the unusual feature of a row of 12 toilets which were built sticking out of the outer facade, an arrangement usually only found in a medieval monastery. Arrow loops (narrow windows) were built into the town walls at varying heights and there was a wall walk all around to give a maximum area of fire by archers. Holes in the walls show that wooden beams would once have supported wooden hoardings to protect archers stood at the top of these walls.

? ? ? ? ? 城堡還保護(hù)著鄰近有城墻的康威鎮(zhèn)，而康威鎮(zhèn)又保護(hù)著城堡最薄弱的一面。在城堡和城鎮(zhèn)之間有一條深溝，作為額外的防御措施。這些城墻最初長(zhǎng)約 1300 米（1400 碼），包括令人印象深刻的 21 座塔樓。其中一段城墻有一個(gè)與眾不同的特點(diǎn)，即在外墻外側(cè)建有一排 12 個(gè)廁所，這種布局通常只有在中世紀(jì)的修道院中才能看到。城墻上建有高低不一的射箭口（窄窗），而且四周都有城墻步道，以便為弓箭手提供最大的射擊范圍。從城墻上的洞可以看出，木梁曾經(jīng)支撐著木制圍墻，以保護(hù)站在墻頂?shù)墓帧?/strong>

今日古堡

Since 1986 CE, Conwy Castle has been listed, along with three other Welsh castles of Edward I (Caernarfon, Harlech and Beaumaris Castle), as a World Heritage Site. UNESCO states that these castles

? ? ?...are the finest examples of late 13th century and early 14th century military architecture in Europe, as demonstrated through their completeness, pristine state, evidence for organized domestic space, and extraordinary repertory of their medieval architectural form.

? ? ? ? ? 自公元 1986 年起，康威城堡與愛(ài)德華一世的其他三座威爾士城堡（卡那封城堡、哈萊克城堡和博馬里斯城堡）一起被列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織指出，這些城堡

? ? ? ? ? ......是歐洲13世紀(jì)末和14世紀(jì)初軍事建筑的最佳典范，其完整性、原始狀態(tài)、有組織的家庭空間證據(jù)以及中世紀(jì)建筑形式的非凡再現(xiàn)都證明了這一點(diǎn)。

In addition, "the extensive and detailed contemporary technical, social, and economic documentation of the castles, and the survival of adjacent fortified towns at Caernarfon and Conwy, makes them one of the major references of medieval history" (ibid). Today, Conwy Castle is open to the public and managed by Cadw, the Historic Environment department of the Welsh Assembly Government. The spiral staircases have been restored in the castle's towers, and it is now possible for visitors to walk a circuit of the castle's walls. In addition, the once royal apartments are amongst the best-preserved examples in any medieval castle in England and Wales.

? ? ? ? ? 此外，"“關(guān)于城堡的廣泛而詳細(xì)的當(dāng)代技術(shù)、社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)文獻(xiàn)，以及鄰近的卡納芬（卡那封）和康威防御城鎮(zhèn)的幸存，使它們成為中世紀(jì)歷史的主要參考文獻(xiàn)之一”（同上）。如今，康威城堡向公眾開(kāi)放，由威爾士議會(huì)政府歷史環(huán)境部（Cadw）管理。城堡塔樓上的螺旋樓梯已經(jīng)修復(fù)，游客現(xiàn)在可以在城堡的城墻上漫步。此外，城堡內(nèi)曾經(jīng)的皇家居室是英格蘭和威爾士所有中世紀(jì)城堡中保存最完好的例子之一。

參考書(shū)目：

Cadw - Conwy CastleAccessed 16 Dec 2019.

Creighton, O.H. Castles and Landscapes. Equinox Publishing Limited, 2004.

Gies, J. Life in a Medieval Castle. Harper Perennial, 2015.

Gravett, C. The Castles of Edward I in Wales 1277-1307. Osprey Publishing, 2007.

Jones, D. The Plantagenets. William Collins, 2019.

Phillips, C. The Medieval Castle Manual. Haynes Publishing UK, 2018.

Pounds, N.J.G. The Medieval Castle in England and Wales. Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Taylor, A.J. The Welsh Castles of Edward I. Bloomsbury Academic, 2003.

UNESCO - Conwy CastleAccessed 16 Dec 2019.

原文作者：Mark Cartwright

????????? 駐意大利的歷史作家。他的主要興趣包括陶瓷、建筑、世界神話(huà)和發(fā)現(xiàn)所有文明的共同思想。他擁有政治哲學(xué)碩士學(xué)位，是《世界歷史百科全書(shū)》的出版總監(jiān)。

原文網(wǎng)址: https://www.worldhistory.org/Conwy_Castle/

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