The number of adults who think they have a food allergy is almost double the figure who actually have one, research has revealed.

研究顯示，認為自己患有食物過敏但其實并沒有過敏的人數(shù)是實際患有食物過敏人數(shù)的近兩倍。

While the study was conducted in the US, experts say a similar situation is also seen in other countries, including the UK. The researchers found that many people with an allergy do not have a prescription for potentially life-saving medication, while others might be avoiding foods unnecessarily.

雖然該研究是在美國進行的，但專家表示，包括英國在內(nèi)的其他國家也有類似的情況。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，許多過敏癥患者都沒有可能挽救自己生命的過敏藥物，而其他偽過敏者則會不必要地避免吃一些食物。

The study suggests almost 11% of adults in the US have a food allergy, equating to more than 26 million people. About 12 million of these are estimated to have developed the allergy as an adult, highlighting that allergies do not only begin in childhood.

該研究表明，美國近11％的成年人患有食物過敏，相當于2600多萬人。據(jù)估計，大約有1200萬人在成年后患上過敏癥，這突顯出過敏癥不僅僅只發(fā)生在兒童時期。

“This is really concerning because chances are they could eat the food and then all of a sudden they have a reaction to a food that they could previously tolerate – so what changed in their environment or in them that caused them to now develop this food allergy?” said Ruchi Gupta, a professor of paediatrics at Northwestern University and a co-author of the research.

“這種情況令人非常憂慮——人們的周圍環(huán)境或自身的變化導致他們會突然間對他們以前可以吃的食物產(chǎn)生反應，而人們對此卻毫無知覺?！拔鞅贝髮W兒科學教授，該研究的合著作者魯奇 古普塔說到。

“Some of these foods you know that they probably were able to eat [previously] because they are such common foods in the diet, but shellfish was interesting – it could be one that they are trying for the first time as an adult.”

“你知道這些食物中的一些食物（之前能夠）食用，因為它們在飲食中是常見的食物，但貝類很有趣 - 它可能是人們作為成年人第一次嘗試吃的食物。”

Gideon Lack, a professor of paediatric allergy at King’s College London, who was not involved in the research, said the growing problem of food allergies in adults might be linked to the dramatic rise seen in children over the past 20 years.

倫敦國王學院兒科過敏教授吉迪恩 拉克表示，成年人食物過敏問題日益嚴重，這可能與過去20年來兒童過敏的急劇上升有關(guān)。

“We have been focusing efforts and concerns about food allergy in children, and this study is telling us there is a very significant burden of food-allergic disease in adults and we ought to be directing more attention and resources towards diagnosing and treating those adults,” he said.

“一直以來我們關(guān)注的都是兒童食物過敏，這項研究告訴我們成人食物過敏性疾病的隱患非常大，我們應該引導更多的精力和醫(yī)療資源來診斷和治療這些成年人 “ 他說。

Writing in the journal Jama Network Open, researchers in the US describe how they conducted a survey in two groups of participants between October 2015 and September 2016. In total more than 40,000 adults in the US took part.

美國研究人員在Jama Network Open雜志上發(fā)表文章描述了他們?nèi)绾卧?015年10月至2016年9月期間對兩組參與者進行調(diào)查研究。加起來總共有超過40,000名美國成年人參加這個項目。

Participants were asked if they had a food allergy and were questioned about their reactions and diagnoses. The team then assessed whether the reported allergy, whether diagnosed or not, was “convincing” – for example if the participant had experienced symptoms such as throat tightening or vomiting.

參與者被問及他們是否有食物過敏，并被詢問他們的反應和診斷。然后，由該團隊評估其是否患有過敏癥，無論是否被診斷出來，診斷依據(jù)都是“令人信服的” -例如，如果參與者出現(xiàn)喉嚨緊縮或嘔吐那就是過敏癥狀。

“If they only had, say, bloating or stomach pain or diarrhoea then we took them out because that could be a lactose intolerance or a food intolerance,” said Gupta.

“如果他們只有腹脹或腹痛或腹瀉，那么我們就不能判斷為過敏癥狀，因為那可能是乳糖不耐癥或食物不耐受，”古普塔說。

The results reveal that the most common “convincing” allergy was to shellfish, affecting 2.9% of adults, with milk and peanuts in second and third place, affecting 1.9% and 1.8% of adults respectively.

結(jié)果顯示，最常見的“令人信服的”過敏是貝類，影響2.9％的成年人，牛奶和花生分別位居第二和第三位，分別影響1.9％和1.8％的成年人。

But while 10.8% of participants were deemed to have at least one convincing food allergy, almost twice as many – 19% – reported they had such a problem.

但是，雖然10.8％的參與者被認為至少有一種令人信服的食物過敏，但幾乎兩倍人數(shù)-19％ - 報告他們有過敏的問題。

“There are so many adults out there who have a negative reaction to a food. It is really important to get a proper diagnosis so that they can really know is this something treatable like lactose intolerance, or is this a life-threatening food allergy that they need to be very careful with,” said Gupta.

“有很多成年人對食物有負面反應。獲得正確的診斷非常重要，這樣他們才能真正知道這些癥狀是一種可治療的，如乳糖不耐癥，還是這是一種能危及生命的食物過敏，他們需要非常小心的對待“古普塔說。

Of those with a “convincing” allergy, almost half said they had developed at least one of their food allergies as an adult, while about 38% said they had undertaken an emergency hospital visit as a result of a food allergy. However, only 48% said they had received a diagnosis from a doctor and just a quarter said they had a prescription for adrenaline, a common allergy treatment.

在那些具有“令人信服的”過敏癥的人中，幾乎有一半人表示他們在成年后至少發(fā)生過一次食物過敏，而約38％的人表示他們因食物過敏而進行了緊急醫(yī)院就診。然而，只有48％的人表示他們已經(jīng)接受了醫(yī)生的診斷，只有四分之一的人說他們有腎上腺素處方，這是一種常見的過敏治療方法。

Prof Clare Mills, an expert in food allergies at the University of Manchester, welcomed the study but said it had limitations, including relying on self-reported data, including for symptoms. What’s more, she said, the healthcare system in the US is very different to the UK, meaning access to healthcare, and even the way adrenaline is prescribed, is very different.

曼徹斯特大學食物過敏專家克萊爾米爾斯教授對這項研究表示歡迎，但表示它有局限性，包括依賴自我報告的數(shù)據(jù)，包括癥狀。更重要的是，她說，美國的醫(yī)療保健系統(tǒng)與英國非常不同，這意味著獲得醫(yī)療服務，甚至腎上腺素的處方方式也是如此。

Stephen Till, a professor of allergy at King’s College London, said the prence of “true” allergies seen in the study seemed surprisingly high, but the widespread misapprehension of having an allergy chimed with his clinical experience in the UK.

倫敦國王學院過敏癥教授斯蒂芬蒂爾說，研究中看到的“真正的”過敏癥患病率似乎高得驚人，但他在英國的臨床經(jīng)驗普遍存在對過敏癥的誤解。

“I often see patients who think that they have a severe allergy who either aren’t allergic or who have mild allergy. They may have been unnecessarily prescribed adrenaline auto-injectors and be on a restricted diet avoiding even trace exposure to the suspected culprit,” he said, noting that this could cause significant anxiety and difficulties.

“我看到過很多病人都認為自己有嚴重的過敏，他們不但沒有過敏甚至連輕微過敏都沒有。而他們可能已經(jīng)被濫開了對他們毫無用處的腎上腺素自動注射器，并且限制飲食，甚至避免接觸到那些導致偽過敏的罪魁禍首。這可能會引起嚴重的焦慮和障礙。”

“Unfortunately … we have a shortage of physicians who are trained in adult allergy and so this amplifies these kinds of problems.”

“不幸的是......我們?nèi)鄙俳邮苓^成人過敏分辨訓練的醫(yī)生，所以這些問題還會持續(xù)加重下去?！?br/>
[–]drmyk 2340? 10*x2?
I work with food allergy patients.
People have a lot of issues with foods, but food allergy is a very narrow, specific term. Allergist define food allergy as being an IgE mediated reaction to a food. These types of reaction lead to mast cell activation, histamine release, and anaphylaxis. They can kill you very dead and very fast. That's why we care about them, that's why there's good testing for them, and that's why we change people's lives that have them by making them paranoid about avoiding the food and always, always carrying an epi injector. Food allergies don't make your stomach ache or legs hurt or your vision blur or your headache or you lose concentration and get brain fog or cause your autism to flare. Its anaphylaxis (or other mast cell associated symptoms that are less severe than anaphylaxis like eczema flares, hives...you get the idea)
There are a thousand reasons that a food can make you feel bad. These are food intolerances. Malabsorbing sugars, fats, difficult to digest proteins, bacterial overgrowth-any one of these deserves a full reddit post on its own. But none of these will kill you. None of them activate mast cells and lead to anaphylaxis. Importantly, for many there aren't great tests so it becomes an issue of not eating food that makes you feel bad because it makes you feel bad, not because the food making you feel bad has been validated by a test.
There are a lot of bogus tests that people will offer you to find the foods that are making you feel bad. They all have fancy names and very precise numbers, but their numbers are meaningless because in general they don't correlate with any specific food reaction. They'll bill you for it (directly, since insurance won't pay because it isn't validated). Often they'll come with some odd rotation diet, or instructions to avoid foods that come from dicot plants or seeds only grown in sandy soil or foods that don't contain the letter 'e' or ones that match your blood type. These are bogus tests. Don't fall for them.
There are a couple of exceptions here. Celiac disease isn't an allergy but an intolerance, but it can kill you and there's a couple of great tests to find it. FPIES can be very severe, but no test to identify it except for looking like you're trying to die when you eat a specific food.
There are exceptions to everything, if you think you're allergic to a food see a doctor and ask if you should be uated.

我由于工作原因會接觸到很多過敏患者。
人們吃東西會有很多問題，但食物過敏是一個非常狹窄的，細分的領(lǐng)域。過敏癥?？漆t(yī)生將食物過敏定義為IgE介導對食物做出反應。這些類型的反應導致肥大細胞活化、組胺釋放和過敏反應。這些東西可以快速徹底地殺死你。這就是我們關(guān)心過敏的原因，這就是為什么對于過敏我們有很好的測試，這就是為什么我們改變那些有些人的生活，讓他們偏執(zhí)地避免食物，總是，總是帶著腎上腺素注射器。食物過敏不會讓你胃痛、腿疼、視力模糊、頭痛，也不會讓你注意力不集中、頭腦發(fā)呆或引發(fā)自閉癥。它是過敏性反應(或與肥大細胞相關(guān)癥狀，比過敏性反應輕，如濕疹發(fā)作、蕁麻疹……)

食物會讓你感覺不舒服的原因有上千種。這些都是食物不耐癥。糖、脂肪、難以消化的蛋白質(zhì)、細菌的過度生長——這些都值得單獨在reddit上發(fā)表一篇完整的文章。但這些都不會殺死你。它們都不能激活肥大細胞并導致過敏反應。重要的是，對很多人來說，他們沒有好的檢驗方法，所以不吃讓你感覺不好的食物就變成了一個問題，因為它讓你感覺不好，而不是因為讓你感覺不好的食物已經(jīng)通過了過敏反應測試。

有很多虛假的測試，人們會提供給你尋找讓你感覺不舒服的食物。它們都有奇特的名詞和非常精確的數(shù)字，但這些名詞數(shù)字毫無意義，因為它們通常與任何特定的食物反應無關(guān)。然后他們會為此向你收費(直接打錢，醫(yī)保不能支付，因為它是假的)。通常情況下，它們會伴隨著一些奇怪的輪作飲食，或者避免食用雙子葉植物或只生長在沙地中的植物和種子，或者不含字母“e”或與你血型相符的食物。這些都是虛假的測試。請不要上當。

這里有幾個例外。腹腔疾病不是過敏，而是不耐受，但它能致人死亡有幾個很好的測試可以確診。腸炎綜合征可能非常嚴重，但是現(xiàn)在沒有測試可以識別它，除非當你吃某種特定的食物時，你人看起來馬上就不行了。
任何事情都有例外，如果你認為你對某種食物過敏，去看醫(yī)生，問問自己是否需要進行測驗。

[–]QuinZ33 143? 6?
If I eat tree nuts, my mouth breaks into hives. My tongue and throat itch badly.

It's an allergic reaction to food, but to my knowledge I'm in no danger of anaphylaxis.

如果我吃了樹生類的堅果，我的嘴巴就像進了一個蜂巢一樣舌頭和喉嚨會癢的厲害。這是對食物的過敏反應，但就我的知識來看我并沒有消化性過敏的危險。

[–]drmyk 131? 6?
OAS is caused by a bunch of immunologically cross reactive allergens. They are usually very labile-they break down with time, processing, and heat. So some people can't eat raw apples but they can eat an apple pie.

口腔過敏綜合癥是由各種各樣能造成交叉過敏反應的過敏原引發(fā)的，它們通常很不穩(wěn)定，易隨著時間，酶解以及加熱而失活。所以有些人吃不了生蘋果但可以吃蘋果派。

[–]Usernameisntthatlong 63? 5?
This is good information. I can eat cooked fruits fine, but if they're raw -- I'm going to be itchy for a bit.
There was a time that I went on an apple diet for lunch for a week. It was fine and I was so happy I wasn't itchy while eating an apple. But after a week, I started becoming allergic. So much that my lips were swelling.
OAS is annoying and difficult to explain to the average Joe that doesn't understand why I avoid fruits. Thanks for doing what you do!

感謝樓上科普。我可以吃煮熟了的水果沒事，不過要是生水果的話--我大概要癢好一會兒。
有段時間我午餐吃了一個星期的蘋果，開始我還為吃蘋果時口腔不癢而高興，但一個星期后我就開始有過敏反應了，我的嘴巴腫的老大。
口腔過敏綜合癥這個病很難跟人去解釋，他們不明白為什么你吃不了水果，這里我很感謝樓上的科普。

[–]fcman256 61? 3?
My parents always thought I was making it up. I'm in my 30s and people are still skeptical when I tell them I can't eat a lot of raw fruits/veg. No you fucks, I'm not a child pretending so I don't have to eat my veggies, I'm pissed off because I can't eat your good damn delicious looking guacamole

我父母老覺得我吃不了生的蔬菜/水果是裝的，就算我到了30歲還是有人對我這個毛病持懷疑態(tài)度。我淦，我又不是三歲小孩子會挑食，我是真的吔不了你那看上去超級無敵美味的鱷梨沙拉啦！

[–]DevinSevin 15? 3?
Guacamole causes me straight pain sometimes. Just instant achy mouth that stings

鱷梨有時候會直接搞得我嘴巴很痛。不是那種刺痛而是一嘴巴都很痛。

[–]theth1rdchild 14? 3?
My girlfriend feels your pain. I can't remember which category, summer veggies? They all share a protein, so no guac, no raw carrots, no raw apples, a few others. Cooked it's all fine.

我老婆也有這樣的痛哦。我記不得是什么種類的水果，夏季水果？它們都擁有同一種蛋白質(zhì)，所以鱷梨、胡蘿卜、蘋果都不能生吃，煮熟了就沒事兒。

[–]ginger_pale_1805 5? 3?
I’m so glad I’m not the only one who experiences this! My throat starts itching and I sometimes break out in hives and my lips swell when I eat raw fruit, but I can eat cooked/processed fruit with no issues. There are some fruits I’ll make exceptions for - raw pineapple is worth the itch for me - but I mostly avoid fruit because it’s so irritating.

我很高興我不是一個人！當我吃生水果的時候嘴唇會腫脹，我的喉嚨開始發(fā)癢，有時還會出現(xiàn)蕁麻疹，但是我可以毫無問題地吃煮熟或加工過的水果。有一些水果我可以例外——菠蘿——但我通常不吃水果，因為它太刺激了。

[–]impy695 9? 3*?
This is me, except I've lived my whole life avoiding things with fruit in it that I am mentally unable to eat whole cooked fruits. So I haven't had an apple pie in over 20 years, despite knowing full well I can eat it for most of that.
I get the same reaction with se vegetables too. Cooked they're fine, raw, absolutely not. This whole thread makes me smile because it is so rare to find other people with this. Hearing others go through the same stuff (like the guy dealing with people thinking he's a 30 year old that doesn't like fruits and veggies) is liberating.
More reading for anyone curious: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_allergy_syndrome check out the cross reactions page for lists of foods that cause reactions. The most common reaction when I list my problem foods is "how can you live like that?"

是我，除了我這輩子都在避免吃有水果的東西，我在精神上不能吃完全煮熟的水果。所以我已經(jīng)有20多年沒有吃過蘋果派了，盡管我很清楚大部分煮熟的水果我都可以吃。
我對南方蔬菜也有同樣的反應。煮熟的很好，生的，絕對不行。這帖子讓我笑了，因為很少有人有這樣的經(jīng)歷。聽到別人經(jīng)歷同樣的事情(比如一位老爹30歲了，還被別人懷疑挑食)是一種解脫。
了解更多過敏食物請點擊https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_allergy_syndrome了解，每當我把這個表給別人看的時候大多人的反應都是“這你是怎么活下來的？”

[–]Christiphis 7? 3?
That’s me raw apples and carrots make my mouth itch swell and slight stomach discomfort.

是我了，生的蘋果和胡蘿卜都會弄的我嘴巴又癢又腫肚子還會有點不舒服。

[–]aboutthednm 7? 4?
My father can't eat raw filberts, he starts choking. Once that stuff is baked into something, he's all good.

我爸吃不了生榛子，吃了就哽的難受。不過要是其它的食物里加了榛子他吃了沒事。