Global governance 全球治理

Africans at the top

More international institutions have sub-Saharan bosses

第一段：

The world’s big multilateral institutions are always keen to trumpet their global outlook. Art from far-flung corners of the world adorns their headquarters—and should a visitor ever need to consult a massive map of the world, one is rarely far away. Yet in one area their global credentials have not always matched up: leadership. Most of the bosses of multilateral institutions have been white men. Sub-Saharan Africans, especially, have been overlooked.?Until 2017 only one had led a big multilateral organisation: Kofi Annan, who ran the UN, which rotates its top job by region, from 1997 to 2006.

世界上的大型多邊機(jī)構(gòu)總是熱衷于鼓吹它們的全球前景。來自世界遙遠(yuǎn)角落的藝術(shù)裝飾著他們的總部——如果一個(gè)訪客需要查閱一幅巨大的世界地圖，他很少會(huì)離得很遠(yuǎn)。然而，在一個(gè)領(lǐng)域，他們的全球資歷并不總是相匹配：領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力。大多數(shù)多邊機(jī)構(gòu)的老板都是白人男性。撒哈拉以南的非洲人尤其被忽視了。直到2017年，只有科菲·安南領(lǐng)導(dǎo)過一個(gè)大型多邊組織，他在1997年至2006年期間擔(dān)任聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書長(zhǎng)，并按地區(qū)輪換其最高職位。

第二段：

Today Africans lead several global institutions. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, an Ethiopian, has steered the World Health Organisation (WHO) through the pandemic. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, a Nigerian, heads the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Makh tar Diop, a Senegalese, presides over an investment portfolio worth about $64bn at the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the semi-independent arm of the World Bank that invests in private firms. A stitch-up gives the top jobs at the World Bank and IMF to America and Europe. But for just the second time a sub-Saharan African, Antoinette Sayeh of Liberia, is a deputy managing director of the IMF.

今天，非洲人領(lǐng)導(dǎo)著幾個(gè)全球機(jī)構(gòu)。埃塞俄比亞人特沃德羅斯·阿達(dá)諾姆領(lǐng)導(dǎo)世界衛(wèi)生組織度過了新冠疫情。尼日利亞人恩戈齊·奧孔喬-伊韋阿拉是世界貿(mào)易組織的負(fù)責(zé)人。塞內(nèi)加爾人馬克·塔爾·迪奧普掌管著國(guó)際金融公司(IFC)價(jià)值約640億美元的投資組合。IFC是世界銀行的半獨(dú)立機(jī)構(gòu)，負(fù)責(zé)投資私營(yíng)企業(yè)。美國(guó)和歐洲得到了世界銀行和國(guó)際貨幣基金組織的最高職位。但是，來自利比里亞的安托瓦內(nèi)特·塞耶卻是第二次擔(dān)任國(guó)際貨幣基金組織副總裁。

第三段：

Each is highly qualified. Ms Okonjo-Iweala, Mr Diop and Ms Sayeh were all finance ministers and had all worked at the World Bank. Dr Tedros was health minister and then foreign minister. That they all have big jobs at once is partly by chance. But there are signs that governments have deliberately sought Africans to lead big institutions. “There was a lot of feeling that it was Africa’s turn—and that it was the turn for a woman,” says Keith Rockwell, the WTO’s spokesman, of the mood before Ms Okonjo-Iweala’s appointment.

每個(gè)人都是高度符合的。Okonjo-Iweala女士，Diop先生和Sayeh女士都是財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)并且都在世界銀行工作過。譚德塞博士先后擔(dān)任衛(wèi)生部長(zhǎng)和外交部長(zhǎng)。他們同時(shí)擔(dān)任要職在一定程度上是偶然的。但有跡象表明，各國(guó)政府有意尋求非洲人來領(lǐng)導(dǎo)大型機(jī)構(gòu)。世界貿(mào)易組織發(fā)言人基思?洛克威爾在談到奧孔約-伊維拉被任命前的情緒時(shí)說:“很多人都覺得該輪到非洲了——該輪到女性了。”

第四段：

This reflects a realisation that the focus of many of these institutions is shifting to sub-Saharan Africa, which has more than two-thirds of the world’s poor and where the average life expectancy is about 61 years, compared with 80 years in rich countries. Although Africa accounts for a small part of global commerce, it has the most to gain from trade. It will probably make up a growing share of the IMF’s work, too. Lending to sub-Saharan countries is 13 times higher since the pandemic struck.

這反映出，許多機(jī)構(gòu)意識(shí)到，它們的重心正轉(zhuǎn)向撒哈拉以南非洲地區(qū)。該地區(qū)的貧困人口占世界總?cè)丝诘娜种陨希骄A(yù)期壽命約為61歲，而富裕國(guó)家為80歲。盡管非洲只占全球貿(mào)易的一小部分，但它從貿(mào)易中獲益最多。它可能也將在國(guó)際貨幣基金組織的工作中占據(jù)越來越大的份額。自大流行爆發(fā)以來，向撒哈拉以南國(guó)家提供的貸款高出13倍。

第五段：

One thing the new bosses may offer is a “special ear” for issues on the continent, says Ms Sayeh. At the very least their leadership is bringing greater attention to Africa. ?“I don’t think anyone in the WTO set out to ignore the concerns of Africa,” says Ms Okonjo-Iweala. Nonetheless, she adds, “Africa has not benefited as much from trade integration…as it should have.” In theory many African countries get lower tariffs in richer countries through trade deals allowed under the WTO’s rules. Yet this does not work well in practice. “We really need to look at some of those agreements and make it easier for African countries,” says Ms Okonjo-Iweala. Mr Diop says the IFC has not neglected Africa in the past. Still, it plans to double annual investments on the continent to $10bn in the next few years.

Sayeh女士說，新老板可能會(huì)提供的一件事就是為歐洲大陸的問題提供一個(gè)“特別的耳朵”。至少，他們的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)給非洲帶來了更多的關(guān)注。奧孔約-伊維拉表示:“我不認(rèn)為WTO的任何人一開始就忽視了非洲的關(guān)切?！北M管如此，她補(bǔ)充道:“非洲并沒有從貿(mào)易一體化中得到應(yīng)有的好處?！崩碚撋希S多非洲國(guó)家通過世貿(mào)組織規(guī)則允許的貿(mào)易協(xié)議，在富裕國(guó)家獲得較低的關(guān)稅。然而，這在實(shí)踐中并不奏效。奧孔約-伊維拉表示:“我們確實(shí)需要研究其中一些協(xié)議，讓非洲國(guó)家更容易達(dá)成協(xié)議?！钡蠆W普表示，國(guó)際金融公司過去并沒有忽視非洲。盡管如此，該公司仍計(jì)劃在未來幾年將在非洲大陸的年投資增加一倍，至100億美元。

第六段：

Personal experience inevitably shapes leaders' priorities. Dr Tedros lost his brother, who was about four, to what was probably measles. He made similar curable diseases the focus of his campaign to run the WHO, and has prioritised them during his term. When Ebola struck the Democratic Republic of Congo, Dr Tedros visited 14 times, despite the threat from rebels.

個(gè)人經(jīng)歷不可避免地決定了領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)。譚德塞博士四歲左右的弟弟可能死于麻疹。他將類似的可治愈疾病作為他管理世界衛(wèi)生組織的活動(dòng)重點(diǎn)，并在其任期內(nèi)優(yōu)先考慮這些疾病。當(dāng)埃博拉病毒襲擊剛果民主共和國(guó)時(shí)，譚德塞博士不顧叛軍的威脅訪問了14次。

第七段：

Having Africans in charge of wonk-filled institutions can also provide role models and help overcome racist stereotypes. ?“It’s important for people to see an African leading an institution in the economic sphere,” says Ms Okonjo-Iweala.

讓非洲人掌管充滿書呆子的機(jī)構(gòu)也可以提供榜樣，幫助克服種族主義的刻板印象。奧孔約-伊維拉表示:“讓人們看到一個(gè)非洲人領(lǐng)導(dǎo)著一家經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域的機(jī)構(gòu)，這很重要?！?/span>

第八段：

Dr Tedros was recently nominated unopposed to lead the WHO for a second term. Ms Okonjo-Iweala and Mr Diop doubtless aspire to similar endorsements of their work. Trailblazers sometimes feel extra pressure to succeed, and may be held to an unfairly high standard. Yet not all leaders of global institutions excel. The real sign that Africans have broken through the glass ceiling in international organisations will be when run-of-the-mill leadership by an African generates no more comment than the tepid tenure of a bigwig from Asia, Europe or the Americas.

譚德塞博士最近在無人反對(duì)的情況下被提名為世衛(wèi)組織第二任期領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。毫無疑問，Okonjo-Iweala女士和Diop先生希望他們的工作能得到類似的認(rèn)可。先驅(qū)者有時(shí)會(huì)感到額外的成功壓力，并可能被要求達(dá)到不公平的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。然而，并非所有全球機(jī)構(gòu)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人都出類拔萃。非洲人打破了國(guó)際組織的玻璃天花板的真正跡象是，一個(gè)非洲人的普通領(lǐng)導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的評(píng)論，不會(huì)超過來自亞洲、歐洲或美洲的大人物的不溫不熱的任期。