背景、符號標記等見序言

9.1 Igitur domi militiaeque boni mores colebantur; concordia maxuma, minuma avaritia erat; ius bonumque apud eos non legibus magis quam natura valebat.

洛：Accordingly, good morals were cultivated at home and in the field; there was the greatest harmony and little or no avarice; justice and probity prevailed among them, thanks not so much to laws as to nature.

試：Therefore, good morals were cultivated in peace and war; union was the greatest, avarice was the smallest; justice and good was strong among them for laws no more than for nature.

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9.2 Iurgia, discordias, simultates cum hostibus exercebant, cives cum civibus de virtute certabant. In suppliciis deorum magnifici, domi parci, in amicos fideles erant.

洛：Quarrels, discord, and strife were reserved for their enemies: citizen vied with citizen only for the prize of merit. They were lavish in their offerings to the gods, frugal in the home, loyal to their friends.

試：Brawls, disagreement, dissension worried enemies, citizens contended about virtue with each other. They were splendid in supplications for gods, sparing in home, faithful to friends.

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9.3 Duabus his artibus, audacia in bello, ubi pax evenerat, aequitate, seque remque publicam curabant.

洛：By practising these two qualities, boldness in warfare and justice when peace came, they watched over themselves and their country.

試：With these two arts, courage in war, and fairness, when peace came, they took care of themselves and public affair.

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9.4 Quarum rerum ego maxuma documenta haec habeo, quod in bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, qui contra imperium in hostem pugnaverant quique tardius revocati proelio excesserant, quam qui signa relinquere aut pulsi loco cedere ausi erant;

洛：In proof of these statements I present this convincing evidence: firstly, in time of war punishment was more often inflicted for attacking the enemy contrary to orders, or for withdrawing too tardily when recalled from the field, than for venturing to abandon the standards or to give ground under stress;

試：For these subjects I have these most important examples: because with us one was more often punished in war, who fought towards enemy against the command, and who withdrew from battle slower when called back, than who abandoned standards or were ventured to left the place when driven;

參考中譯：首先，在戰(zhàn)爭時期，受到懲罰的更多是那些違反命令進攻敵人或在戰(zhàn)場上接到撤退命令而行動遲緩的人，而很少是那些竟敢丟掉鷹標或被迫放棄陣地的人。

思考：

1. 商務印書館版譯文中將signa(n.p.c)譯為“鷹標”（鷹幟）可能并不準確。鷹幟對應的一般是aquila，是軍團（legio）的旗幟，而signum是大隊（cohors）或中隊（manipulus）的旗幟。具體區(qū)別可查相關資料。此處若譯為鷹標，則暗示了軍團級別的覆滅或潰敗，恐與作者原意相差過大。

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9.5 in pace vero, quod beneficiis magis quam metu imperium agitabant et accepta iniuria ignoscere quam persequi malebant.

洛：and secondly, in time of peace they ruled by kindness rather than fear, and when wronged preferred forgiveness to vengeance.

試：in peace actually, because they lived more with favours than with fear for power and they preferred to forgive rather than revenge.

段落大意 (9)：

那時的羅馬人生活和睦，追求高尚。在戰(zhàn)爭與和平中，他們分別培養(yǎng)出了兩種美德：勇敢和公正。

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10.1 Sed ubi labore atque iustitia res publica crevit, reges magni bello domiti, nationes ferae et populi ingentes vi subacti, Carthago, aemula imperi Romani, ab stirpe interiit, cuncta maria terraeque patebant, saevire fortuna ac miscere omnia coepit.

洛：But when our country had grown great through toil and the practice of justice, when great kings had been vanquished in war, savage tribes and mighty peoples subdued by force of arms, when Carthage, the rival of Rome's sway, had perished root and branch, and all seas and lands were open, then Fortune began to grow cruel and to bring confusion into all our affairs.

試：But when the state grew by labour and justice, great kings conquered in war, savage tribes and mighty peoples subdued by force, Carthage, the emulous one of Roman dominion, perished from root, they went after the entire sea and earth, fortune began to be fierce and mix everything.

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10.2 Qui labores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile toleraverant, iis otium divitiaeque optanda alias, oneri miseriaeque fuere.

洛：Those who had found it easy to bear hardship and dangers, anxiety and adversity, found leisure and wealth, desirable under other circumstances, a burden and a curse.

試：To them, who had easily endured labour, dangers, difficult and tough things, leisure and wealth were desirable at one time, of burden and misery at another.

思考：

1. alias是副詞。

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10.3 Igitur primo imperi, deinde pecuniae cupido crevit: ea quasi materies omnium malorum fuere.

洛：Hence the lust for power first, then for money, grew upon them these were, I may say, the root of all evils.

試：Therefore the desire, first for power, then for money, grew: as if they were the cause of all evils.

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10.4 Namque avaritia fidem, probitatem ceterasque artis bonas subvortit; pro his superbiam, crudelitatem, deos neglegere, omnia venalia habere edocuit.

洛：For avarice destroyed honour, integrity, and all other noble qualities; taught in their place insolence cruelty, to neglect the gods, to set a price on everything.

試：And since avarice overthrew faith, honesty and other good character; instead of them were haughtiness, cruelty, it informed to despise gods, to make everything at sale.

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10.5 Ambitio multos mortalis falsos fieri subegit, aliud clausum in pectore, aliud in lingua promptum habere, amicitias inimicitiasque non ex re, sed ex commodo aestumare magisque voltum quam ingenium bonum habere.

洛：Ambition drove many men to become false to have one thought locked in the breast, another ready on the tongue; to value friendships and enmities not on their merits but by the standard of self-interest, and to show a good front rather than a good heart.

試：Ambition forced many men to become wrong, to make some closed in heart, other brought out on tongue, to appraise friendship and enmity not from fact, but from benefit, and to consider visage more than good mind.

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10.6 Haec primo paulatim crescere, interdum vindicari; post, ubi contagio quasi pestilentia invasit, civitas inmutata, imperium ex iustissumo atque optumo crudele intolerandumque factum.

洛：At first these vices grew slowly, from time to time they were punished; finally, when the disease had spread like a deadly plague, the state was changed and a government second to none in equity and excellence became cruel and intolerable.

試：At first these grew gradually, and were punished occasionally, afterwards, when contagion invaded as if plague, the city changed, the government made from the justest and best to be cruel and intolerable.

段落大意 (10)：

隨著國家的擴張，人們的貪欲與日俱增。而正是因為貪欲，人們拋棄了往日的美德，用虛偽和陰謀爭名逐利。這種歪風邪氣將腐蝕整個國家。

11.1 Sed primo magis ambitio quam avaritia animos hominum exercebat, quod tamen vitium propius virtutem erat.

洛：But at first men’s souls were actuated less b avarice than by ambition——a fault, it is true but not so far removed from virtue;

試：But in the beginning ambition worried minds of men more than avarice, which was fault, however, nearer to virtue.

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11.2 Nam gloriam, honorem, imperium bonus et ignavus aeque sibi exoptant; sed ille vera via nititur, huic quia bonae artes desunt, dolis atque fallaciis contendit.

洛：for the noble and the base alike long for glory, honour, and power, but the former mount by the true path, whereas the latter, being destitute of noble qualities, rely upon craft and deception.

試：For good and slack people equally wished glory honour, power for themselves but the former depends on the true road, to the latter, because good skills are lacking, they thrive with deceits and tricks.

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11.3 Avaritia pecuniae studium habet, quam nemo sapiens concupivit: ea quasi venenis malis inbuta corpus animumque virilem effeminat, semper infinita, insatiabilis est, neque copia neque inopia minuitur.

洛：Avarice implies a desire for money, which no wise man covets; steeped as it were with noxious poisons, it renders the most manly body?and soul effeminate: it is ever unbounded and insatiable, nor can either plenty or want make it less.

試：Avarice has a desire for money, which no wise men covets: as if soaked in evil poison, it makes manly body and soul womanish, it is always infinite, insatiable, is neither reduced in wealth nor in poverty.

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11.4 Sed postquam L. Sulla armis recepta re publica bonis initiis malos eventus habuit, rapere omnes, omnes trahere, domum alius, alius agros cupere, neque modum neque modestiam victores habere, foeda crudeliaque in civis facinora facere.

洛：But after Lucius Sulla, having gained control of the state by arms, brought everything to a bad end from a good beginning, all men began to rob and pillage. One coveted a house, another lands; the victors showed neither moderation nor restraint but shamefully and cruelly wronged their fellow citizens.

試：But after Lucius Sulla, with the state taken back by arms, made the bad results from the good beginnings, all people pillaged, robbed, one desired a house, another desired fields, the victors neither had manner nor constraint, they made horrible and cruel deeds in in the city.

思考：

1. armis recepta re publica是類似獨立奪格的結構，做插入語或狀語，bonis initiis是分離奪格。

2. 這一句后部改用了歷史不定式，為確定主語增加了許多難度，要結合結構找出最合理的句意從而判斷。

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11.5 Huc accedebat, quod L. Sulla exercitum, (quem in Asia ductaverat), [quo sibi fidum faceret], [contra morem maiorum luxuriose nimisque liberaliter] habuerat. Loca amoena, voluptaria facile in otio ferocis militum animos molliverant.

洛：Besides all this, Lucius Sulla, in order to secure the loyalty of the army which he led into Asia, had mowed it a luxury and license foreign to the manners of our forefathers: and in the intervals of leisure those charming and voluptuous lands had easily demoralized the warlike spirit of his soldiers.

試：What was added to this, because in order to make the army trusty to himself, which he led into Asia, Lucius Sulla treated it voluptuously and generously, against ancestors’?manner.

思考：

1. accedebat和huc連用時，表達的是be added to的意思，可理解為in addition？

2. quo sibi...是目的從句（quo理解為ut eo），為了不改變從句順序，翻譯用詞有微調。

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11.6 Ibi primum insuevit exercitus populi Romani amare, potare, signa, tabulas pictas, vasa caelata mirari, ea privatim et publice rapere, delubra spoliare, sacra profanaque omnia polluere.

洛：There it was that an army of the Roman people first learned to indulge in women and drink; to admire, statues paintings, and chased vases, to steal them from private houses and public places, to pillage shrines, and to desecrate everything, both sacred and profane.

試：There, the army of Roman people first became accustomed to love, to drink, to admire statues, paintings, and carved vases, to pillage them privately and publicly, to rob temples, to defile all scared and not sacred.

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11.7 Igitur ii milites, postquam victoriam adepti sunt, nihil reliqui victis fecere.

洛：These soldiers, therefore, after they had won the victory, left nothing to the vanquished.

試：Therefore these soldiers, after they obtained victory, made nothing left to the conquered.

思考：

1. victīs(pfp.n.p.d)是分詞形容詞化然后做名詞，但也可理解為vīctīs，意為survived。不知原文的音標如何。

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11.8 Quippe secundae res sapientium animos fatigant: ne illi corruptis moribus victoriae temperarent.

洛：In truth prosperity tries the souls even of the wise; how hen should men of depraved character like these make a moderate use of victory?

試：In fact, favorable cases exhausted minds of the wise: so no wonder those men with corrupted morals couldn’t be restrained to victory.

思考：

1. 此句的時態(tài)序列較為特殊：主句動詞是現(xiàn)在時，從句動詞是未完成時?？赡艿慕忉屖侵骶涫菤v史現(xiàn)在時，描述了當時的情形，或客觀規(guī)律?；蛟S有更好的解釋？

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段落大意 (11)：

貪欲像毒藥一樣，使沾染者永不得解脫。蘇拉的勝利是一個重要的事件：他為籠絡人心，縱容士兵受貪欲所侵害。這是羅馬軍隊首次走向墮落。

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12.1 Postquam divitiae honori esse coepere et eas gloria, imperium, potentia sequebatur, hebescere virtus, paupertas probro haberi, innocentia pro malevolentia duci coepit.

洛：As soon as riches came to be held in honour when glory, dominion, and power I followed in their train, virtue began to lose its lustre, poverty to be considered a disgrace, blamelessness to be termed malevolence.

試：After wealth became to be of honour, and glory, dominion, power followed it, virtue began to grow dim, poverty to be thought disgrace, harmlessness to be considered as malice.

思考：

1. honori esse是屬有與格。

2. postquam divitiae...coepere是歷史不定式，之后的部分都是常見時態(tài)。

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12.2 Igitur ex divitiis iuventutem luxuria atque avaritia cum superbia invasere: rapere, consumere, sua parvi pendere, aliena cupere, pudorem, pudicitiam, divina atque humana promiscua, nihil pensi neque moderati habere.

洛：Therefore as the result of riches luxury and greed, united with insolence, took possession of our young manhood. They pillaged, squandered set little value on their own, coveted the goods of others; they disregarded modesty, chastity, everything human and divine; in short, they were utterly thoughtless and reckless.

試：Therefore, from wealth extravagance and avarice invaded young people together with haughtiness: they pillaged and consumed, considered their wealth little and desired others’, they had no regard for modesty and purity, divine things and human common things, nor restraint.

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12.3 Operae pretium est, cum domos atque villas cognoveris in urbium modum exaedificatas, visere templa deorum, quae nostri maiores, religiosissumi mortales, fecere.

洛：It is worth your while, when you look upon houses and villas reared to the size of cities, to pay a visit the temples of the gods built by our forefathers,most reverent of men.

試：It is worth while, when you know the houses and villas built up in the size of cities, to visit temples of gods, which our ancestors, the most scrupulous men made.

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12.4 Verum illi delubra deorum pietate, domos suas gloria decorabant neque victis quicquam praeter iniuriae licentiam eripiebant.

洛：But they adorned the shrines of the gods with piety, their own homes with glory, while from the vanquished they took naught save the power of doing harm.

試：Indeed, they adorned shrines of gods with piety, their homes with glory, they didn’t tear anything away from the conquered except the license of injustice.

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12.5 At hi contra, ignavissumi homines, [per summum scelus] (omnia) ea [sociis] adimere, (quae (fortissumi viri) victores reliquerant): [proinde quasi iniuriam facere id demum esset <imperio uti>].

洛：The men of today, on the contrary, basest of creatures, with supreme wickedness are robbing our allies of all that those heroes in the hour of-victory had left them they act as though the one and only way to rule were to wrong.

試：But these men in the opposite, the slackest men, through the greatest crime they took all things from their allies to themselves, which the victors of the greatest virility had left: accordingly as if it, making injustice, was just using power.

思考：

1. 語法分析如上，quae引導一個定語從句，先行詞是ea。

2. 筆者傾向于把fortissumi viri理解為品質屬格（viri(m..g)理解為virility，fortissumi是修飾它的形容詞）。不知可否將其簡單理解為victores的同位語？

3. 虛擬句中iniuriam facere是不定式做名詞（id的同位語）。

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段落大意 (12)：

當金錢成為榮譽和一切 力量的主導者后，往日的美德一去不返，奢侈和貪欲侵染了年輕一代。他們?yōu)榱巳〉秘敻徊粨袷侄?，用暴政掠奪被統(tǒng)治者也理所當然。