Title??In preparing a title for a paper, the author would do well to remember one salient fact: That title will be read by thousands of people. Perhaps few people, if any, will read the entire paper, but many people will read the title, either in the original journal or in one of the secondary (abstracting and indexing) services. Therefore, all words in the title should be chosen with great care, and their association with one another must be carefully managed.

題目??作者在準(zhǔn)備論文題目時(shí)，應(yīng)該記住一個(gè)明顯的事實(shí)：論文的題目將被成千上萬(wàn)人讀到。如果有能夠完整地讀完整篇論文的人的話，也可能只是少數(shù)幾個(gè)人。大多數(shù)讀者或者會(huì)通過(guò)原始期刊，或者會(huì)通過(guò)二次文獻(xiàn)（文摘或索引）閱讀到論文的題目。因此，題目中的每一個(gè)詞都應(yīng)該仔細(xì)地推敲，詞與詞之間的關(guān)系也應(yīng)該細(xì)心處理。

The meaning and order of the words in the title are of importance to the potential reader who sees the title in the journal table of contents. But these considerations are equally important to all potential users of the literature, including those (probably a majority) who become aware of the paper via secondary sources. Thus, the title should be useful as a label accompanying the paper itself, and it also should be in a form suitable for the machine-indexing systems used by The Engineering Index, Science Citation Index, and others. Most of the indexing and abstracting services are geared to "key word" systems. Therefore, it is fundamentally important that the author provide the right "keys" to the paper when labeling it. That is, the terms in the title should be limited to those words that highlight the significant content of the paper in terms that are both understandable and retrievable.

對(duì)于可能閱讀期刊目錄中論文題目的讀者來(lái)說(shuō)，題目中每個(gè)詞的含義和詞序是很重要的。這對(duì)于所有可能使用文獻(xiàn)的人，包括通過(guò)二次文獻(xiàn)查找論文的人（可能是大多數(shù)）也同樣重要。因此，題目不僅僅作為論文的標(biāo)記，它還應(yīng)該適合于工程索引、科學(xué)引文索引等機(jī)器索引系統(tǒng)。大多數(shù)索引和摘要都采用“關(guān)鍵詞”分類法。因此，在確定論文題目時(shí)，最重要的是作者應(yīng)該提供能夠正確表達(dá)文章內(nèi)容的“關(guān)鍵詞”，也就是說(shuō)文章的題目用詞應(yīng)該限于既容易理解，又便于檢索，還能使文章的重要內(nèi)容突出的那些詞。

Abstract??An Abstract should be viewed as a mini-version of the paper. The Abstract should provide a brief summary of each of the main sections of the paper. A well-prepared abstract enables readers to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to?determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide whether they need to read the document in its entirety. The Abstract should not exceed 250 words and should be designed to define clearly what is dealt with in the paper. Many people will read the Abstract, either in the original journal or in The Engineering Index or one of the other secondary publications.

摘要??摘要應(yīng)該是論文的縮寫(xiě)版本。它應(yīng)該是論文各主要章節(jié)的簡(jiǎn)要總結(jié)。一篇寫(xiě)得好的摘要能使讀者迅速而又準(zhǔn)確地了解論文的基本內(nèi)容，以決定他們是否對(duì)此論文感興趣，進(jìn)而決定他們是否要閱讀全文。摘要一般不超過(guò)250個(gè)單詞，并應(yīng)該清楚地反映論文的內(nèi)容。許多人會(huì)閱讀原始期刊或工程索引或者另外一種其他二次出版刊物上刊登的摘要。

The Abstract should (Ⅰ) state the principal objectives and scope of the investigation, (Ⅱ) describe the methodology employed, (Ⅱ) summarize the results, and (Ⅳ) state the principal conclusions.

The Abstract should never give any information or conclusion that is not stated in the paper. References to the literature must not be cited in the Abstract except in rare instances, such as modification of a previously published method.

摘要應(yīng)該：(1)闡述該項(xiàng)研究工作的主要目的和范圍；(2)描述所使用的方法；(3)總結(jié)研究成果；(4)闡述主要結(jié)論。

摘要決不應(yīng)該提及論文中沒(méi)有涉及的內(nèi)容或結(jié)論。在摘要中不要引用與該論文有關(guān)的參考文獻(xiàn)（在極少的情況下除外，例如對(duì)以前發(fā)表過(guò)的方法的改進(jìn)）。

Introduction??The first section of the paper should, of course, be the Introduction. The purpose of the Introduction should be to supply sufficient background information to allow the reader to understand and evaluate the results of the present study without needing to refer to previous publications on the topic.?Above all, you should state briefly and clearly your purpose in writing the paper.?Choose references carefully to provide the most important background information.

引言??當(dāng)然，論文的第一部分應(yīng)該是引言。引言的目的是向讀者提供足夠的背景知識(shí)，使讀者不需要閱讀過(guò)去已經(jīng)發(fā)表的有關(guān)此課題的論文，就能夠了解和評(píng)價(jià)目前的研究成果。最重要的是，你應(yīng)該簡(jiǎn)要地說(shuō)明寫(xiě)這篇論文的目的。應(yīng)該慎重地選擇參考文獻(xiàn)以提供最重要的背景資料。

Experimental Procedure??The main purpose of the?Experimental Procedure section is to describe the experimental design and then provide enough detail that a competent worker can repeat the experiments. If your method is new (unpublished) you must provide all of the needed detail. However, if a method has been previously published in a standard journal, only the literature reference should be given.

實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程??在“實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程”一節(jié)中你應(yīng)該提供詳細(xì)的實(shí)驗(yàn)細(xì)節(jié)?！皩?shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程”一節(jié)的主要目的是描述實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程和提供足夠的細(xì)節(jié)，以使有能力的研究人員可以重復(fù)這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。如果你的方法是新的（從未發(fā)表過(guò)的），那你就應(yīng)該提供所需要的全部實(shí)驗(yàn)細(xì)節(jié)。然而，如果這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)方法已經(jīng)在正規(guī)的期刊上發(fā)表過(guò)，那么只要給出參考文獻(xiàn)就可以了。

Careful writing of this section is critically important because the cornerstone of the scientific method requires that your results, to be of scientific merit, must be reproducible; and, for the results to be?adjudged reproducible, you must provide the basis for repetition of the experiments by others. That experiments are unlikely to be reproduced is beside the point; the potential for producing the same or similar results must exist, or your paper does not represent good science.

認(rèn)真地撰寫(xiě)這一節(jié)是非常重要的，因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)方法的核心就是要求你的研究成果不僅有科學(xué)價(jià)值，而且也必須是能夠重復(fù)的。為了判斷研究成果能否重復(fù)，就必須為其他人提供進(jìn)行重復(fù)試驗(yàn)的依據(jù)。不太可能重復(fù)的實(shí)驗(yàn)是不可取的，必須具有產(chǎn)生同樣或相似結(jié)果的可能性，否則你的論文的科學(xué)價(jià)值就不大。

?When your paper is subjected to peer review, a good reviewer will?read the Experimental Procedure carefully. If there is serious doubt that your experiments could be repeated, the reviewer will recommend rejection of your manuscript no matter how awe-inspiring your results?are.

當(dāng)你的論文受到同行們的審核時(shí)，一個(gè)好的審稿人會(huì)認(rèn)真地閱讀“實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程”這一節(jié)。如果他確實(shí)懷疑你的實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)軌虮恢貜?fù)，不管你的研究成果多么令人敬畏，這個(gè)審稿人都會(huì)建議退回你的稿件。

Results??So now we come to the core of the paper, the data.?This part of the paper is called the Results section. There are usually two ingredients of the Results section. First, you should give some kind of overall description of the experiments, providing the "big picture," without, however, repeating the experimental details previously provided in Experimental Procedure. Second, you should present the data.

結(jié)果??現(xiàn)在我們進(jìn)入論文的核心部分－數(shù)據(jù)。論文的這部分被稱為“結(jié)果”?！敖Y(jié)果”一節(jié)通常由兩部分組成。首先，你應(yīng)該對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)作全面的敘述，提出一個(gè)“大的輪廓”，但不要重復(fù)已經(jīng)在“實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程”一節(jié)中提到的實(shí)驗(yàn)細(xì)節(jié)。其次，你應(yīng)該提供數(shù)據(jù)。

Of course; it isn't quite that easy. How do you present the data??A simple transfer of data from laboratory notebook to manuscript will hardly do. Most important, in the manuscript you should present representative data rather than endlessly repetitive data.

當(dāng)然，這部分的寫(xiě)作不是一件很容易的事。你會(huì)如何提供數(shù)據(jù)呢？通常不能直接將實(shí)驗(yàn)筆記本上的數(shù)據(jù)抄到稿件上。最重要的是，在稿件中你應(yīng)該提供有代表性的數(shù)據(jù)，而不是那些無(wú)限重復(fù)的數(shù)據(jù)。

?

The Results need to be clearly and simply stated, because it is the Results that comprise the new knowledge that you are contributing to the world. The earlier parts of the paper ( Introduction, Experimental Procedure) are designed to tell why and how you got the Results; the later part of the paper (Discussion) is designed to tell what they mean. Obviously, therefore, the whole paper must stand or fall on the basis of the Results. Thus, the Results must be presented with crystal clarity.

“結(jié)果”一節(jié)應(yīng)該寫(xiě)得清晰和簡(jiǎn)練，因?yàn)椤敖Y(jié)果”是由你提供給世界的新知識(shí)組成。論文的前幾部分（“引言”“實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程”）告訴人們你為什么和如何得到這些結(jié)果的；而論文后面的部分（“討論”）則告訴人們這些結(jié)果意味著什么。因此，很明顯，整篇論文都是以“結(jié)果”為基礎(chǔ)的。所以“結(jié)果”必須以確切而清晰的形式給出。

Discussion??The Discussion is harder to define than the other?sections. Thus, it is usually the hardest section to write. And,?whether you know it or not, many papers are rejected by journal editors because of a faulty Discussion, even though the data of the paper might be both valid and interesting. Even more likely, the true meaning of the data may be completely obscured by the interpretation presented in the Discussion, again resulting in rejection.

討論??與其他章節(jié)相比，“討論”一節(jié)所寫(xiě)的內(nèi)容更難于確定。因此，它是最難寫(xiě)的一節(jié)。不管你知道與否，在許多論文中盡管數(shù)據(jù)正確，而且能夠引起人們的興趣，但是由于討論部分寫(xiě)得不好也會(huì)遭到期刊編輯的拒絕。甚至更為可能的是，在“討論”中所作的闡述使得數(shù)據(jù)的真正含義變得模糊不清，而使論文遭到退稿。

What are the essential features of a good Discussion? I believe the main components will be provided if the following injunctions are heeded：

一個(gè)好的“討論”章節(jié)的主要特征是什么呢？我認(rèn)為它應(yīng)該包括以下幾個(gè)方面：

1. Try to present the principles, relationships, and generalizations shown by the Results. And bear in mind, in a good Discussion, you discuss-you do not recapitulate the Results.

2. Point out any exceptions or any lack of correlation and define unsettled points. Never take the high-risk alternative of trying to cover up or fudge data that do not quite fit.

3. Show how your results and interpretations agree (or contrast)?with previously published work.

4. Don't be shy; discuss the theoretical implications of your work, as well as any possible practical applications.

5. State your conclusions as clearly as possible.

6. Summarize your evidence for each conclusion.

1. 設(shè)法給出“結(jié)果”一節(jié)中的原理、相互關(guān)系和歸納性解釋。應(yīng)該記住，一個(gè)好的“討論”應(yīng)該對(duì)“結(jié)果”進(jìn)行討論和論述，而不是扼要重述。

2.?要指出任何的例外情況或相互關(guān)系中有問(wèn)題的地方，并應(yīng)該明確提出尚未解決的問(wèn)題。絕不要有著很大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)去采取另一方式，即試圖對(duì)不適合的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行掩蓋或捏造。

3. 要說(shuō)明和解釋你的結(jié)果與以前發(fā)表過(guò)的研究結(jié)果有什么相符（或者不相符）的地方。

4. 要大膽地論述你的研究工作的理論意義以及任何可能的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。

5. 要盡可能清晰地?cái)⑹瞿愕慕Y(jié)論。

6.?對(duì)每一結(jié)論要簡(jiǎn)要敘述其論據(jù)。

In showing the relationships among observed facts, you do not need to reach cosmic conclusions. Seldom will you be able to illuminate the whole truth; more often, the best you can do is shine a spotlight on one area of the truth. Your one area of truth can be buttressed by your data; if you extrapolate to a bigger picture than that shown by your data, you may appear foolish to the point that even your data-supported conclusions are cast into doubt.

在描述所觀察的事物之間的相互關(guān)系時(shí)，你并不需要得出一個(gè)廣泛的緒論。你很少有能力去解釋全部真理。通常，你盡最大努力所做的就是像探照燈那樣照耀在真理的某一方面。你在這個(gè)方面的真理是靠你的數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)支持的，如果你將你的數(shù)據(jù)外延到更大的范圍，那就會(huì)顯得荒唐，這時(shí)甚至連你的數(shù)據(jù)所支持的結(jié)論也可能會(huì)受到懷疑。

When you describe the meaning of your little bit of truth, do it simply. The simplest statements evoke the most wisdom; verbose language and fancy technical words are used to convey shallow?thought.

當(dāng)敘述你的這一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)真理的意義時(shí)，應(yīng)該盡可能地簡(jiǎn)單。最簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)言可以表達(dá)最多的學(xué)識(shí)；啰唆的語(yǔ)言或者華麗的技術(shù)術(shù)語(yǔ)常常只表達(dá)膚淺的思想。