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【簡(jiǎn)譯】瓦加爾沙帕特（Vagharshapat）

2023-07-06 13:57 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過(guò) | 我要投稿

Vagharshapat (Valarsapat), located some 20 km west of modern Yerevan, was an ancient city in Armenia founded in the 2nd century CE. Serving as the capital, the city prospered and, under the new name of Echmiadzin, became the spiritual capital of Christian Armenia from the 4th century CE. Still an important pilgrimage site today, the building of the cathedral at Vagharshapat is attributed to Saint Gregory the Illuminator who was, in a vision, instructed by Christ to build it there after he descended and struck the ground at the very spot. The site is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

? ? ? ? ? 瓦加爾沙帕特（Valarsapat）位于現(xiàn)代埃里溫以西約20公里處，是亞美尼亞的一座古城，建于公元2世紀(jì)。作為首都，該城繁榮昌盛，并以新名稱埃奇米阿津 (Echmiadzin) 從公元 4 世紀(jì)起成為基督教亞美尼亞的精神之都。今天，瓦加爾沙帕特大教堂至今仍然是一處重要的朝圣地，其建造歸功于啟蒙者圣格雷戈里，他在異象中得到了基督的指示，在其降臨并在該地點(diǎn)落地后，在那里建造了這座大教堂。該遺址被聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。

皇家住宅

Vagharshapat was founded during the reign of the Arsacid king Vagharsh I (r. 117-140 CE), who gave his name to the new city, a common practice of the period. Artashat (Artaxata) remained the capital but Vagharshapat became the royal residence. The city was not entirely built from scratch but expanded upon the existing settlement of Vardgesavan. The city was protected by a new and encircling fortification wall.

? ? ? ? ? 瓦加爾沙帕特 (Vagharshapat) 建于安息國(guó)王瓦加爾什一世 (Vagharsh I，公元 117-140 年在位) 統(tǒng)治時(shí)期，新城以自己的名字命名，這是當(dāng)時(shí)的常見做法。阿爾塔沙特（Artaxata）仍然是首都，但瓦加爾沙帕特成為皇家住所。這座城市并不完全是從零開始建造的，而是在現(xiàn)有的Vardgesavan定居點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行了擴(kuò)建，這座城市受到新的環(huán)繞式防御墻的保護(hù)。

In 166 CE Vagharshapat became the first city in Armenia following the sack of Artashat by a Roman army led by Statius Priscus. The Roman and Persian Empires had been constantly bickering over control of Armenia for its vital strategic value in the region. Priscus established a Roman garrison at Vagharshapat, and the city, known to them by its Greek name, Kaine Polis or New City, was made the new administrative capital, a position it kept even after Artashat was rebuilt a few years later. Vagharshapat was attacked and destroyed during the Sasanid invasions of 368 and 369 CE. The city was then replaced as the political capital by Dvin sometime in the 4th century CE.

? ? ? ? ? 公元166年，斯塔提烏斯·普里斯庫(kù)斯 (Statius Priscus) 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的羅馬軍隊(duì)洗劫了阿爾塔沙特 (Artashat)，瓦加爾沙帕特 (Vagharshapat) 成為亞美尼亞的首都。羅馬帝國(guó)和波斯帝國(guó)一直在爭(zhēng)奪對(duì)亞美尼亞的控制權(quán)，因?yàn)樗谠摰貐^(qū)具有重要的戰(zhàn)略價(jià)值。普里斯庫(kù)斯在瓦加爾沙帕特駐軍，這座被他們稱為“Kaine Polis”或“新城”的城市成為了新的行政首都，即使在幾年后阿爾塔沙特被重建后，它仍然保持著這一地位。在公元368年和369年薩珊王朝的入侵中，瓦加爾沙帕特遭到攻擊和摧毀。在公元4世紀(jì)的某個(gè)時(shí)候，德溫取代了這座城市作為政治首都。

The move of the political capital to Dvin was designed to disassociate the new regime from that of the former Armenian ruling dynasty the Arsacid dynasty (12 CE - 428 CE) and increase loyalty to Persia, which now controlled that part of Armenia. A Persian viceroy or marzpan had his palace at Dvin but Vagharshapat was not about to be consigned to obscurity for it became the religious capital of Armenia under the new name of Echmiadzin (aka Etchmiadzin or Edjmiadsin).

? ? ? ? ? 將政治首都遷往德溫的目的是為了使新政權(quán)與前亞美尼亞統(tǒng)治王朝阿爾薩息王朝（安息帝國(guó)，公元12年-公元428年）的政權(quán)脫離關(guān)系，并提高對(duì)波斯的忠誠(chéng)度，因?yàn)椴ㄋ宫F(xiàn)在控制著亞美尼亞的這一部分。波斯總督Marzpan在德溫有自己的宮殿，但瓦加爾沙帕特并沒有被廢棄，因?yàn)樗孕旅Q埃奇米阿津（又名埃奇米阿津或埃德吉米阿津）成為亞美尼亞的宗教首都。

宗教之都：埃奇米阿津

During the reign of Tiridates the Great (r. c. 298 - 330 CE) Christianity was formally adopted as the state religion of Armenia, and the king himself was said to have been converted in 301 CE by Saint Gregory the Illuminator in the royal palace at Vagharshapat. Some of the earliest churches in the country were built in the city. In the latter half of the 4th century CE the seat of the first bishop of Armenia, the katholikos, was moved from Artashat to Vagharshapat (it would later be moved again, this time to Dvin). This is traditionally seen as the work of the katholikos Sahak (r. 387-428 CE). The city became a focal point from which the tentacles of the Armenian Apostolic Church spread out to convert the entire country. The famed clergyman and scholar Mesrop Mashtots (360/370 - c. 440 CE), who invented the Armenian alphabet, resided here.

? ? ? ? ? 在梯里達(dá)底三世（Tiridates the Great，約公元298-330年）統(tǒng)治時(shí)期，基督教被正式定為亞美尼亞的國(guó)教，據(jù)說(shuō)國(guó)王本人也于公元301年在瓦加爾沙帕特王宮中由啟蒙師圣格雷戈里皈依。該國(guó)最早的一些教堂就建在這座城市。公元4世紀(jì)后半葉，亞美尼亞第一任主教卡托利科斯 (katholikos) 的所在地從阿爾塔沙特搬到了瓦加爾沙帕特（后來(lái)又再次遷至德溫）。這在傳統(tǒng)上被認(rèn)為是薩哈克大主教（公元387-428年）的工作。這座城市成為亞美尼亞使徒教會(huì)的觸角延伸到整個(gè)國(guó)家的焦點(diǎn)。發(fā)明亞美尼亞字母的著名牧師和學(xué)者梅斯羅普·馬什托茨（ Mesrop Mashtots ，公元 360/370 - 公元 440 年）曾居住在這里。

One of the most tangible and long-lasting manifestations of Vagharshapat's roles as the spiritual centre of Armenia was, and is, the great cathedral dedicated to the Mother of God. Said to have been built by Saint Gregory following a vision in which Christ descended to earth and indicated the very spot, the cathedral thus explains the city's new name of Echmiadzin, meaning “The Only-Begotten-One Descended”. Archaeological evidence suggests that the cathedral was built, no doubt intentionally, on the site of a pagan fire altar, as revealed by archaeological excavations in 1957 CE. The version of the cathedral which stands at the site today dates to 483 CE after the then ruler Vahan Mamikonian commissioned an upgrade on Saint Gregory's first structure. The cathedral was a compensation, perhaps, for the moving of the church's headquarters to Dvin in 485 CE.

? ? ? ? ? 瓦加爾沙帕特作為亞美尼亞精神中心的最具體和最持久的體現(xiàn)之一是，獻(xiàn)給上帝之母的大教堂過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在都是如此。據(jù)稱，該大教堂是圣格雷戈里在看到基督下凡并指出這個(gè)地方后建造的，因此該城市的新名字埃奇米阿津，意思是“獨(dú)生子降臨”。考古學(xué)證據(jù)表明，大教堂無(wú)疑是故意建在一個(gè)異教火壇的遺址上的，這一點(diǎn)在公元1957年的考古發(fā)掘中得到了證實(shí)。今天矗立在這個(gè)地方的大教堂版本可以追溯到公元483年，當(dāng)時(shí)的統(tǒng)治者瓦漢·馬米科尼安 (Vahan Mamikonian)?委托對(duì)圣格雷戈里的第一座建筑進(jìn)行升級(jí)。這座大教堂也許是對(duì)公元485年教會(huì)總部遷往德溫的一種補(bǔ)償。

朝圣之地

Another 5th-century CE addition to the city's Christian architecture was a monastery with its first prior being the famous scholar and historian Ghazar Parpetsi. In time, the monastery accumulated an impressive manuscript library. Over the following two centuries, successive bishops ensured the building programme continued. In the 7th century CE, under the guidance of the bishop Komitas of Aghdzk (r. 615-628 CE), Echmiadzin began to pull in even more pilgrims following the construction of the particularly splendid church of Saint Hripsime which was named after the virgin who had been martyred by Tiridates the Great prior to his conversion to Christianity. Indeed, the church was said to have been built on the very spot of Hripsime's death. The church of Saint Gayane was added around 616 CE and, in the 650s CE, the completion of the impressive Zvartnots cathedral nearby only added to the attractions which ensured Echmiadzin became one of the most important pilgrimage sites in Armenia.

? ? ? ? ? 公元5世紀(jì)，這座城市的基督教建筑中的另一座建筑是一座修道院，其創(chuàng)始人是著名學(xué)者和歷史學(xué)家加扎爾·帕爾佩齊 (Ghazar Parpetsi)。隨著時(shí)間推移，修道院積累了令人印象深刻的手稿。在接下來(lái)的兩個(gè)世紀(jì)里，歷任主教確保了建筑計(jì)劃的繼續(xù)進(jìn)行。公元7世紀(jì)，阿格茲克 (Aghdzk) 主教科米塔斯 (Komitas of Aghdzk，公元615-628年在位) 的指導(dǎo)下，埃奇米阿津 (Echmiadzin) 開始吸引更多的朝圣者，因?yàn)檫@建造了特別輝煌的圣赫里普西姆教堂 (Saint Hripsime)，該教堂是以梯里達(dá)底大帝在皈依基督教之前殉道的處女命名的。事實(shí)上，據(jù)說(shuō)這座教堂就是在赫里普西姆去世的地方建造的。圣加亞內(nèi)教堂于公元616年左右建成，而在公元7世紀(jì)50年代，附近令人印象深刻的茲瓦爾特諾茨大教堂的竣工不僅增加了景點(diǎn)，也確保了埃奇米阿津成為亞美尼亞最重要的朝圣地之一。

后期歷史

Following the invasion and occupation of Armenia by the Rashidun and then Umayyad Caliphate from 640 CE, the position of Echmiadzin as a major religious centre became precarious. Dvin and then Ani were the political and religious capitals, and Echmiadzin slowly fell into decline. A major earthquake struck the region in the 10th century CE which caused the collapse of the church of Zvartnots, amongst other buildings. By the late 13th century CE the site was so dilapidated that the celebrated poet Stepanos Orbelian (d. 1304 CE) felt compelled to compose his Lamentations on the Holy Cathedral of Vagharshapat.

? ? ? ? ? 公元 640 年，正統(tǒng)哈里發(fā)和倭馬亞哈里發(fā)入侵并占領(lǐng)亞美尼亞后，埃奇米阿津作為主要宗教中心的地位變得岌岌可危。德溫（Dvin）和阿尼（Ani）是政治和宗教首都，埃奇米阿津（Echmiadzin）慢慢衰落。公元10世紀(jì)，一場(chǎng)大地震襲擊了該地區(qū)，導(dǎo)致茲瓦爾特諾茨教堂和其他建筑物倒塌。到了公元13世紀(jì)末，這個(gè)地方已經(jīng)非常破舊，以至于著名的詩(shī)人斯特帕諾斯·奧貝利安（Stepanos Orbelian，卒于公元 1304 年）不得不寫下他的《瓦加爾沙帕特圣大教堂哀歌》。

Echmiadzin's fortunes revived when the Armenian church decided to restore the catholicosate to the site in the mid-15th century CE. The country and its Christians endured troubled times under Turkish rule but Echmiadzin's monastery was given certain economic privileges which at least ensured the site could maintain itself until better days arrived. These days did come but not until the late 18th century CE. It was then that the bishop Simon of Yerevan (r. 1763-1780 CE) embarked on an ambitious plan to make the site a great centre of learning, aided by generous donations from Armenians abroad, especially in India. The process began with the installation of Armenia's first printing press and a paper mill to keep it well-supplied with raw material, a new archive was established for the Armenian church's records, and a general rebuilding programme was initiated which included a new cupola and three new belfries for the cathedral. After surviving the anti-religious Soviet regime of the 20th century CE, present-day Echmiadzin has once more become a major pilgrimage centre and tourist attraction for its excellent surviving examples of Armenian medieval architecture.

? ? ? ? ? 公元15世紀(jì)中葉，亞美尼亞教會(huì)決定在該地恢復(fù)天主教教區(qū)，埃奇米阿津的命運(yùn)也隨之復(fù)蘇。在土耳其的統(tǒng)治下，這個(gè)國(guó)家和它的基督徒經(jīng)歷了一段混亂的時(shí)期，但埃奇米阿津的修道院被賦予了某些經(jīng)濟(jì)特權(quán)，這至少保證了這個(gè)地方能夠維持自身，直到更好的日子到來(lái)。這些日子確實(shí)到來(lái)了，但直到公元18世紀(jì)末。就在那時(shí)，埃里溫的主教西蒙（公元1763-1780年）開始了一項(xiàng)雄心勃勃的計(jì)劃，在海外亞美尼亞人，特別是印度的亞美尼亞人的慷慨捐助下，將該地打造成一個(gè)偉大的學(xué)習(xí)中心。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，首先安裝了亞美尼亞的第一臺(tái)印刷機(jī)和一家造紙廠，以保持原材料的充足供應(yīng)，為亞美尼亞教會(huì)的記錄建立了一個(gè)新的檔案館，并啟動(dòng)了一項(xiàng)總體重建計(jì)劃，其中包括一個(gè)新的圓頂和三個(gè)教堂大教堂的新鐘樓。在經(jīng)歷了公元20世紀(jì)的反宗教的蘇維埃政權(quán)之后，如今的埃奇米阿津因其現(xiàn)存的亞美尼亞中世紀(jì)建筑的優(yōu)秀范例而再次成為主要的朝圣中心和旅游景點(diǎn)。