（新鮮的自譯小文章，書接上回）

章六（三）

Attacks On Pericles

【對伯利克里的攻訐】

AT?FIRST?many Athenians hoped that the Peloponnesians would withdraw quickly and without a war,as they had done in 445,but when the enemy began to lay waste the land of Archanae,less than senven miles from the Acropolis,the mood in Athens changed to fury,directed as much toward Pericles as toward the Spartans.He was accused of cowardice because he would not lead an army out against the enemy.

事件之初，雅典人希望伯羅奔尼撒人和前445年一樣很快撤走，不必打仗。但是當伯羅奔尼撒人開始撂荒阿卡奈的土地（此地距離衛(wèi)城不過七英里），雅典人變得憤怒起來。他們的怒火既是沖著斯巴達人，也同樣撒到了伯利克里身上。他們因為伯利克里不愿率軍出戰(zhàn)指控他怯懦畏敵。

The most notable of his attackers was Cleon,who had opposed Pericles for several years.Cleon belongs to a new class of politicians in Athens:not aristocrats but rich men whose wealth came from trade and manufacturing,rather than from the traditional source,land.Such occupations were considered base and unworthy by the aristocratic code that had dominated the democratic but still defferential politics of Athens up to that time.

所有攻擊伯利克里的人當中，最引人注目的是克里昂，他和伯利克里作對已經(jīng)有好幾年?？死锇撼錾硌诺湔渭业男屡d階級。這個階級并非貴族，他們不靠土地這一傳統(tǒng)資本，而是靠貿易和手工業(yè)發(fā)財?shù)母蝗恕?strong>按照當時仍然主導雅典政治的貴族準則，他們的職業(yè)卑賤而沒有價值?！?】

Aristophane mocked Cleon as a tanner and leather merchant,a thief and a brawler whose voice“roared like a torrent”and sounded like a scalded pig’s.Cleon inevitably appears in his comedies in a state of anger,a lover of war who constantly stirs up hatred.

阿里斯托芬嘲笑克里昂是“制革匠兼皮革販”，是個偷雞摸狗、愛吵架的人，講話“像嘶啞的連珠炮”，聽起來像開水燙的豬在叫。于是克里昂避無可避地在他的喜劇中以一個勃然大怒的好戰(zhàn)分子形象出現(xiàn)，連續(xù)不斷地激起憎惡。

Thucydides calls him”the most violent of the citizens”,and likewise describes his style of speech as harsh and bullying。Aristotle comments that Cleon” seems to have corrupted the people more than anyone by his attacks;he was the first to shout while speaking in the assembly,first to use abusive language there,first to hitch up his skirts[and move about]while addressing the people,although the other speakers behaved properly”(Aristotle,Constitution of the Athenians 28.3).

修昔底德稱他“是所有公民當中最暴力的”，他的演講風格也被形容為粗糙又霸道。亞里士多德評論克里昂“他通過抨擊的手段，看來是比其他任何人更大程度地敗壞了人民；他是有史以來第一個在公民大會講話時大喊大叫、使用粗魯?shù)恼Z言、提起袍子的下擺（還走來走去）的人。而其他的講話者卻能表現(xiàn)得體”（亞里士多德，《雅典政制》，28.3）。

In the comedy Fates,produced probably in the spring of 430,the poet Hermippus says to Pericles:”King of the Satyrs,why won’t you even lift a spear but instead use dreadful words to wage the war,assuming that character of the cowardly Teles? But if a little knife is sharpened on a whetstone you roar as though bitten by fierce Cleon”（Plutarch,Pericles 33.8).

在約前430年完成的喜劇《命運》中，赫爾米普斯【2】對伯利克里說：“薩蒂爾【3】的王，你為何在進行戰(zhàn)爭之時不奮起長矛，反而用起那糟糕透頂?shù)脑捳Z，顯出一幅膽小模樣？只要一柄小小的匕首在磨石上霍霍作響，你將歇斯底里，渾似兇暴的克里昂咬了你”（普魯塔克，《伯利克里傳》，33.8）。

These mocking characterizations were all put forth by his enemies, but Cleon was actually a powerful figure in the assembly and would play an important role in the course of the war.He was only one of a number of enemies who attacked Pericles,and even some of general’s friends urged him to leave the city and fight.

這些嘲弄性質的人物刻畫都是克里昂的敵人提出的，但實際上，他身為公民大會里的強力之人，將會在戰(zhàn)爭進程中扮演重要角色。攻擊伯利克里的政敵眾多，克里昂不過是其中之一。就連伯利克里將軍的一些朋友都勸他出城作戰(zhàn)。

By 431,however,Pericles’ personal prestige has risen to the point where Thucycides could speak of him as”the foremost among the Athenians and the most powerful in speech and action”（1.139.4），and of Athens itself he could claim that it was”in name a democracy but really a government by the first citizen”(2.65.9).

然而，到了前431年，伯利克里的個人威望已經(jīng)達到頂峰。修昔底德談到他時說他“在所有雅典人中擁有最重要的地位，演講和行動都最為強而有力”（1.139.4）。至于雅典本身，修昔底德宣稱它“名義上有民主制，實際上受第一公民統(tǒng)治”（2.65.9）。

Pericles achieved such a position not only by virtue of his wisdom and rhetorical skill,or of his patriotism and incorruptibility. He was also a shrewd politician and had built up over the years a group of soldiers,administrators, and politicians who formed a group of colleagues that shared political opinions and served as generals along with him while accepting his informal leadership.

達到這個地位，伯利克里憑借的不止他的智慧和修辭功夫，也不止是愛國熱情和清廉品行。他同時還是精明的政治家，經(jīng)年累月練成了一支勁旅，培養(yǎng)了行政團隊。他還組織了一群政見相同的政治家，這些人進入十將軍委員會，與他共事，為他默認領袖地位。

The support of such men made it possible for Pericles to with stand the storm of criticism he encountered and to restrain the many Athenians who urged him to attack the Peloponnesian army. Thucydides tells us that Pericles refused to call a meeting of the Athenian assembly or even any informal gathering. fearing that such groups”might make a mistake by obeying their anger instead of their judgment”(2.22.1).

這些人的支持使伯利克里得以抵抗狂風暴雨般的批評，約束住眾多催促他攻擊伯羅奔尼撒軍隊的雅典人。修昔底德告訴我們，伯利克里拒絕召開雅典公民大會，甚至不許非正式的集會。他擔心這些群體會“因為按怒氣而不是理智的判斷行事而釀成錯誤”（2.22.1）。

No one had the legal right to prevent a meeting of the assembly,so it must have been the respect in which Pericles was held, supported by his influence with other generals, that dissuaded the prytanies(rotating presents of the assembly)from calling one.

法律上沒人有權利阻止會議的召開，一定是伯利克里對其他將軍們的影響力幫助他享有的尊敬使大會主持【4】最終沒有召開會議。

With no effective challenges to his strategy, Pericles was free to hold to it, responding to the spartan devastations only by sending cavalry detachments to deter the Peloponnesians from approaching too close to the city.

伯利克里的政策既然沒有受到有力的挑戰(zhàn)，他便可以貫徹到底。對斯巴達人的破壞行動，他只派出小股騎兵，防止伯羅奔尼撒人太過接近本城。

The invading army had been in Attica for a month, and its provisions were now exhausted.Archidamus, realizing that that the Athenians would neither fight nor yield, abandoned his camp and moved eastward to ravage the area between Mount Parnes and Pentelicus, and then returned home by way of Beotia.He again avoided destroying the fertile Attic plain, persisting his plan to hold it hostage as long as possible.

侵略軍進入阿提卡已歷一月，給養(yǎng)告急。阿基達馬斯認識到雅典人不會出戰(zhàn)，也不會屈服，于是放棄營盤，向東進發(fā)，去蹂躪帕尼斯山和彭特利庫斯山之間的地區(qū)，然后取道貝奧提亞，班師回國。他堅持“以土地為質物”方略，再次避開肥沃的阿提卡平原，沒有破壞它。【5】

The Spartans had little cause for satisfaction, for the strategy with which they had entered war had thus far proven futile. The Athenians were essentially unharmed and were even now engaged in avenging what damage had been done.

斯巴達人沒什么理由可滿意，因為他們投入戰(zhàn)爭時秉持的戰(zhàn)略被證明是竹籃打水一場空。雅典人并未受到實質性的損害，甚至現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)著手準備為受到的破壞實施報復了。

【1】關于對手工業(yè)和商業(yè)從業(yè)者的輕視，在斯巴達也有類似現(xiàn)象。色諾芬在《斯巴達政制》談到，斯巴達人認為打造盔甲等器物的工匠長期待在室內，把時間耗在火爐邊，摧折了形體，消磨了意志，不符合斯巴達崇尚強健之美的價值觀，因此看輕這種職業(yè)。

【2】赫爾米普斯（Hermippus）。雅典喜劇詩人。

【3】薩蒂爾(Satyr）。森林之神，以半人半羊的形象出現(xiàn)。

【4】大會主持（Prytany）。雅典公民大會的主持者，按輪換坐莊制任命。

【5】阿基達馬斯刻意沒有破壞的地方也包括伯利克里的地產(chǎn)，一度引起雅典人對伯利克里的懷疑。或許是因為他和伯利克里的私交甚好，也可能出于陷害伯利克里的動機。伯利克里被迫為自己做辯解，并承諾捐獻私產(chǎn)，這才度過危機。

——深受傷害的雅典自然不會善罷甘休，面對總兵力三倍于己的伯羅奔尼撒陸軍和英勇善戰(zhàn)的斯巴達人，他們將如何還擊？烈日炎炎，火云如燒，盛夏的太陽恣意照耀，海平線上的黑影吹響反擊的號角！次回預告——伯羅奔尼撒戰(zhàn)爭：逆襲の雅典！