Abacus - a large slab placed above the column capital to support the architrave or an arch placed above it.

放在柱資本上方的大板，以支持拱門(mén)或置于其上的拱門(mén)。

Akroterion - a decorative piece added to the roof of a temple at the apex and corners, usually made of clay or bronze and often in the form of a palm or statue, for example of Nike.

加在神廟屋頂頂點(diǎn)和四角的裝飾品，通常由泥土或青銅制成，通常以棕櫚樹(shù)或雕像的形式出現(xiàn)，例如勝利女神神廟。

Adyton - the most sacred inner part of a temple, usually at the end of the cella furthest from the entrance, often with restricted access to the initiated or priests.

神廟中最神圣的內(nèi)部部分，通常位于距離入口最遠(yuǎn)的內(nèi)殿盡頭；通常只允許受戒者或祭司進(jìn)入。

Aedicule - a frame formed by two columns and an entablature with pediment.

由兩根柱子和一個(gè)帶有山墻飾的柱頂組成的框架

Architrave - the lowest part of the entablature, the part below the frieze.

柱頂結(jié)構(gòu)的最低部分，即楣板下方的部分

Amphiprostyle Temple - when both fa?ades have columns, e.g.: the temple of Nike, Athens.

兩個(gè)立面都有柱子，例如：雅典的勝利女神神廟。

Atlantide - a sculpted male figure acting as a column to support an entablature, named after Atlas.

作為柱子支撐柱頂?shù)哪行缘袼?，以阿特拉斯命?/p>

Attic Story - the part placed above the entablature of a building, e.g.: often seen in triumphal arches.

位于建筑物門(mén)板之上的部分，可以在凱旋門(mén)上看到。

Buttress - a mass placed to support a wall, especially when the wall bears an arch or heavy weight. Flying buttresses support a weight over space and allow for walls to be weakened by the inclusion of niches and windows.

用于支撐墻壁的支撐物，尤其是當(dāng)它支撐拱門(mén)或重物時(shí)。懸臂支撐支撐著空間的重量，并使墻壁變輕，包括開(kāi)口和窗戶(hù)

Capital - the crown which joins the top of a column with the abacus and aids in distributing weight. Different types include the simple convex Doric and the highly decorative Corinthian with stylized acanthus leaves.

連接柱頂和算盤(pán)的柱冠，有助于分配重量。不同類(lèi)型的柱子包括簡(jiǎn)單的凸形多立克柱和裝飾性很強(qiáng)的科林斯式柱子，上面有風(fēng)格化的刺桐葉。

Caryatid - a sculpted female figure acting as a column to support an entablature, e.g.: in the Erechtheion.

雕刻的女性形象，充當(dāng)支撐柱頂?shù)闹?，可以在在厄瑞克忒翁神廟中看到。

Cavea - the seated area of a theatre, usually built into a natural slope.

劇院的座位區(qū)，通常建在自然斜坡上

Cella - the inner area of a temple, usually rectangular and without windows, sometimes columned. Often subdivided into smaller rooms, the largest of which often housed a large cult statue to a particular deity.

神廟的內(nèi)部區(qū)域，通常為長(zhǎng)方形，沒(méi)有窗戶(hù)，有時(shí)有柱子。通常被細(xì)分為更小的房間，其中最大的房間通常放置著對(duì)某一特定神靈的大型崇拜雕像。

Column - used to support the abacus and architrave without the necessity of a wall. There are several types including the simple and earliest the Doric. They may also be free-standing and often commemorate significant historical events such as Trajan's Column.

無(wú)需墻壁即可支撐Abacus和楣梁。有幾種類(lèi)型，包括簡(jiǎn)單和最早的多立克式。它們也可以是獨(dú)立的，通常是為了紀(jì)念重要的歷史事件，如圖拉真紀(jì)念柱。

Conch - also known as an apse, a recess in a wall often highly decorated or containing a statue.

又稱(chēng)天井，是墻壁上的一個(gè)凹槽，通常有高度的裝飾或包含一個(gè)雕像。

Cornice - the decorative projecting part at the top of the entablature which also aided in drainage of rainwater.

從檐口上部突出的裝飾部分，也有助于排水。

Crepidoma - also crēpis, the three steps on which stand the columns of a temple. The final top step is known as the stylobate.

也被稱(chēng)為 crēpis，神廟柱子所在的三個(gè)臺(tái)階。最后頂層臺(tái)階稱(chēng)為柱基

Decastyle Temple - with ten columns at each fa?ade, e.g.: the temple of Apollo Didymaeus at Miletus.

每個(gè)立面有十根柱子，例如：米利都的阿波羅-迪迪邁斯神廟。

Dentils - a regular series of squares or rectangles used to decorate cornices.

用于裝飾飛檐的規(guī)則系列正方形或長(zhǎng)方形

Diazoma - the walkway which horizontally divides the seats in a theatre.

在劇院中水平劃分座位的走廊

Dipteral Temple - when there are a double row of columns on all sides, e.g.: the Parthenon.

四面都有雙行柱子，例如：帕特農(nóng)神廟。

Dodecastyle Temple - with twelve columns at each fa?ade.

每個(gè)立面有12根柱子

Dromos - the monumental unroofed and walled entrance to a tomb, e.g. at Mycenae.

紀(jì)念性的無(wú)頂和有墻的墳?zāi)谷肟?，例如在邁錫尼的墳?zāi)埂?/p>

Drum - the individual circular pieces used to construct some types of columns.

用于構(gòu)建某些類(lèi)型的柱子的單個(gè)圓形部件

Egg and Dart Ornamentation - a typical feature of decoration on cornices.

典型的檐口裝飾的特征

Engaged Columns - columns which are incorporated within a wall.

并入墻中的柱

Entablature - the structure which lies horizontally above columns and which is composed of the architrave, frieze and cornice.

水平位于柱子上的結(jié)構(gòu)，由楣梁、楣板和檐口組成

Entasis - the swelling of a column at its base and centre to give the illusion of being perfectly straight.

柱子底部和中心的加厚，給人以完全筆直的印象

Flute - the curved vertical channel carved in a column.

雕刻成圓柱的彎曲垂直通道

Frieze - the widest and central part of the entablature often richly decorated with relief sculpture.

柱頂最寬和最中心的部分，通常裝飾有浮雕

Hexastyle Temple - with six columns at each fa?ade, e.g. the Maison Carré at Nimes.

每個(gè)立面有六根柱子，例如尼姆的 Maison Carré

in antis - when the walls of a portico extend in line with the fa?ade columns.

門(mén)廊的墻壁與立面的柱子對(duì)齊

Intrados - the inner surface of an arch.

拱門(mén)的內(nèi)表面。

Metope - a square space in the frieze between two triglyphs, often filled with relief sculpture or ornaments such as shields.

門(mén)楣上兩個(gè)三叉戟之間的方形空間，通常裝滿(mǎn)浮雕或盾牌等裝飾品。

Monolithic Column - a column carved from a single piece of stone.

用整塊石頭雕刻而成的柱子

Octastyle Temple - with eight columns at each fa?ade, e.g.: the temple of Bacchus at Baalbek.

每個(gè)立面有八根柱子，例如：巴勒貝克的巴克斯神廟。

Opisthodomos - The small room at the rear of a temple commonly used as a treasury.

神廟后面的小房間，通常用作庫(kù)房。

Parodoi - the large arched gateways, either side of the skēnē, through which an audience entered a theatre.

巨大的拱形門(mén)，位于 skēnē 的兩側(cè)，觀眾通過(guò)它進(jìn)入劇院

Pedestal - the block on which stands a column or statue, composed of the plinth, torus, dado and fascia.

柱子或雕像立于其上的方塊，由基座、托架、斗拱和楣板組成

Pediment - the triangular space above the entablature at the short sides of a temple. Often richly decorated with sculpture in the round.

神廟短邊的門(mén)廊上方的三角形空間。通常都有豐富的圓形雕塑裝飾。

Peripteral Temple - when all four external sides have columns.

所有四個(gè)外側(cè)都有柱子。

Peristyle - the rows of columns which surround a temple or courtyard.

圍繞神廟或庭院的一排排圓柱。

Pilaster - an ornamental column carved in relief on a wall surface.

裝飾在墻壁表面的浮雕柱

Portico - a space for walking, usually columned, e.g.: at the front of a temple.

用于行走的空間，通常有柱子，例如：在寺廟的前面。

Pronaos - the space between the outer columns and cella entrance in a temple.

外柱和神廟內(nèi)殿入口之間的空間

Propylon - the monumental gateway to a religious sanctuary or defined space. Often incorporating several separate entrances (propylaia).

通往宗教圣地或特定空間的紀(jì)念性大門(mén)。通常包括幾個(gè)獨(dú)立的入口（propylaia）。

Prostyle - a temple with columns only at the front fa?ade.

只有正面有柱子的神廟

Sima - the gutter which collected rainwater from the roof of a temple, often containing decorative spouts at regular intervals.

從神廟屋頂收集雨水的水溝，通常每隔一段距離就有一個(gè)裝飾性水口。

Skēnē - the background on a theatre stage, later examples were monumental in design.

劇院舞臺(tái)的背景；后來(lái)的例子在設(shè)計(jì)上具有里程碑意義

Stereobate - the surface on which the stylobate stands.

臺(tái)基所在的表面

Stoa - a long and narrow columned building often used to enclose a particular space at religious sites and public places such as markets and gymnasia. Used as a meeting place and shelter from the weather.

帶有柱子的狹長(zhǎng)建筑物，通常用于在宗教和公共場(chǎng)所劃定特定空間，例如市場(chǎng)和體育館。它被用作聚會(huì)場(chǎng)所和躲避惡劣天氣的避難所

Stylobate - the foundation on which a row of columns stand. Often slightly curved to aid drainage.

一排柱子所站立的基礎(chǔ)。通常略微彎曲以利于排水。

Tetrastyle Temple - with four columns at each fa?ade.

每個(gè)立面有四根柱子

Tholos - A circular-shaped temple, the most famous example being at Delphi.

圓形的神廟，最著名的例子是在德?tīng)柗啤?/p>

Triglyph - a decorative element of a frieze with two vertical grooves. Often used in alteration with metopes.

門(mén)楣的裝飾元素，有兩個(gè)垂直的凹槽

Triumphal Arch - a monumental archway to commemorate Roman military victories and other significant events.

紀(jì)念性的拱門(mén)，以紀(jì)念羅馬軍事勝利和其他重大事件

Volutes - the scrolls of an Ionic capital.

愛(ài)奧尼亞式的螺旋裝飾品

參考書(shū)目：

Ananiades D. Ancient Greece: Temples & Sanctuaries. Toubis, Athens, 2010

John Summerson. The Classical Language of Architecture. The MIT Press, 1992.

Mortimer Wheeler. Roman Art and Architecture. Thames & Hudson, 1985.

Simon Hornblower. The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford University Press, USA, 2012.

Vitruvius. On Architecture. Penguin, London, 2009

原文作者：Mark Cartwright

????????? 駐意大利的歷史作家。他的主要興趣包括陶瓷、建筑、世界神話(huà)和發(fā)現(xiàn)所有文明的共同思想。他擁有政治哲學(xué)碩士學(xué)位，是《世界歷史百科全書(shū)》的出版總監(jiān)。

原文網(wǎng)址：https://www.worldhistory.org/article/486/a-visual-glossary-of-classical-architecture/