Questions 1 and 2 are based on this passage.?

While Ojibwe Native American adapted traditional subsistence strategies to the changing conditions of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, they also continued to practice older forms of subsistence. This pattern was successfully employed in many similar communities. Arnold has demonstrated that for Tlingits in Alaska, the commercial fishing industry offered new economic opportunities, even as the continuation of subsistence fishing enabled Tlingits to avoid domination by the market and to sustain their particular culture. Similarly, as the market economy expanded in the Lake Superior region, berry harvest and sale became an important source of seasonal income for the Ojibwe and was combined with wage labor in the lumber, mining, and fishing industries, while the older practice of berrying for subsistence continued.

1. The passage suggests which of the following regarding the “berry harvest and sale”?

A. It was an adaptation of a subsistence practice in response to changing circumstances.

B. It played a more important role in Ojibwe economy than did wage labor in the mining industry.

C. It played a less important role in Ojibwe economy that did berrying for subsistence.

D. It is an example of submission to market domination.

E. It represented a loss of indigenous culture.

2. Arnold’s work is mentioned in the passage primarily in order to?

A. illustrate how traditional American Indian practices were superseded by newer practices

B. compare certain traditional practices of Tlingit and Ojibwe Indians

C. provide an example of the fruitful use of an approach

D. demonstrate the pitfalls of generalizing about a topic

E. answer misgivings regarding the effects of a change

Questions 3 to 6 are based on this passage

A primary value in early twentieth-century Modernist architectural theory was that of “truth to materials”, that is, it was essential that a building’s design express the “natural” character of the building materials. This emphasis would have puzzled the architects of the Italian Renaissance (sixteenth century), a period widely regarded as the apex of architectural achievement, for Renaissance architects’ designs were determined only minimally by the materials employed.?

The diversity of Italy’s natural resources provided Renaissance architects with a wide variety of building materials. The builders of the Pitti Palace (1558-1570) used great blocks of Tuscan stone, just as Etruscans living in the same part of Italy had done some twenty centuries earlier. Had the Florentine Renaissance builders aped the Etruscans style, it might be said that their materials determined their style, since Etruscans style matched the massive, stark, solid character of the stone. But these same materials, which so suited the massive Etruscans style, were effectively used by the Florentine Renaissance to create the most delicate and graceful of styles.

A similar example of identical materials used in contrasting styles characterizes the treatment of Roman travertine marble, when Baroque architects of seventeenth-century Rome desired a massive and solid monumental effect, they turned to travertine marble, whose “natural effect” is, indeed, that of spacious breadth and lofty, smoothly rounded surface. Yet during the Renaissance, this same material had been used against its “nature, “in the Florentine tradition of sharply carved detail.?

Italian Renaissance architecture was shaped less by the “nature” of the materials at hand than by the artistic milieu of Renaissance Italy, which included painting and sculpture as well as architecture. While roman travertine marble may have lent itself to fine carving, the Florentine passion for fine detail is no less marked in Florentine Renaissance painting than in Florentine Renaissance architecture. Similarly, in the next century, the emphasis on shading and corporeal density in Baroque mirrored the use of Roman travertine marble in Baroque architecture to create broad shadow and powerful masses.

The ingenuity of renaissance architects extended beyond merely using a material in a way not suggested by its outward natural appearance. If they conceived a design that called for a certain material either too expensive or difficult to work with, they made no scruple about imitating that material. Their marbles and their stones are often actually painted stucco. When the blocks of masonry with which they built were not in scale with the projected scheme, the real joints were concealed and false ones introduced. Nor were these practices confined, as some scholars insist, to the later and supposedly decadent phases of the art. Material, then, was utterly subservient to style.?

3. The passage is primarily concerned with

A. explaining the differences in quality among different kinds of building materials?

B. discussing the differences among Etruscan, Florentine Renaissance, and Roman Baroque architecture

C. describing how different materials influenced architecture in different cities

D. describing the manner in which Renaissance architects often resorted to artificial materials and illusionistic effects

E. demonstrating the attitude of sixteenth-and seventeenth-century Italian architects toward the use of building materials.

4. The author of the passage mentions the Renaissance practices of substituting stucco for marble and of concealing joints in blocks of masonry in order to support the contention that Renaissance architects were

A. innovative in their creation of new building materials and new methods of design?

B. inexpert in their ability to tailor their designs to the practical demands of construction?

C. decadent in their techniques throughout the Renaissance, not just in its later phases

D. not sufficiently knowledgeable about the use of their tools?

E. consistent in imposing their requirements on materials without undue consideration of the materials’ “natures”

5. The author’s mention of Florentine painting serves in the context of the passage to support which of the following assertions?

A. The constraints that operate in architecture are different from those that operate in painting.

B. Florentine architectural style was not determined by the nature of the available marble.

C. The Florentine Renaissance period was a period in which the other arts achieved the same distinction as did architecture.

D. Technical advances in all of the arts of the Florentine Renaissance determined the stylistic qualities of those arts.?

E. Native preferences of style do not manifest themselves in the same ways in different arts.

6.?Question not available

Question 7 is based on this passage

For many years, the dumping of increasing annual amounts of the chemical solvent Calatrex into Lake Passat has caused a steady rise in the levels of?leptococcus?bacteria in the lake’s water. Calatrex itself has no direct effect on?leptococcus?levels, but, in water, Calatrex breaks down over a year’s time into certain substances that foster the proliferation of?leptococcus. After years of protest, the dumping has finally just been stopped.

7. Which of the following is most strongly supported by the information given?

A. Concentration of Calatrex in Lake Passat’s water will remain undiminished for at least a year.

B. Fostering the proliferation of?leptococcus?is the only effect that the dumping of Calatrex?had on bacteria in Lake Passat’s water.

C. The proliferation of?leptococcus?in Lake Passat’s water has been the most serious consequence of dumping Calatrex into Lake Passat.

D. The levels of?leptococcus?in Lake Passat’s water will rise for some time.

E.?Leptococcus?bacteria were not present in any significant quantities in Lake Passat’s water before Calatrex began to be dumped into the lake.

Questions 8 and 10 are based on this passage

In river science, as in all sciences, there is an accepted way of analyzing problems. This standardized way of collecting and analyzing data allows a cleaner comparison of results between sites or time periods, or an evaluation of the effectiveness of different management activities. Often this involves a preconceived reference frame for types of problems. What is gained in the efficient production of knowledge, however, is potentially lost for the potential of novel observation.

In the case of sediment transport, during the last century, river scientists have shown much less concern for sediment storage than for sediment movement, even though any given sediment particle is likely to spend centuries to millennia in storage on a floodplain or in bars [submerged banks of sediment] and only days to weeks in actual transport. Meade suggest that were geomorphologist to have focused on individual sediment particles’ movements beyond just the reach [a short, straight segment of a river] scale, emphasis from the research community would have inevitably focused on sediment storage, and thus on the processes that sediment undergoes during storage rather than on the processes of mobilizing sediment. Fluvial geomorphology would probably then have been dominated by studies of chemical weathering rather than fluid mechanics. The preference for Eulerian-based studies of sediment fluxes and the processes that determine those fluxes have arguably biased the research agenda of geomorphologist for several decades.

8. Which statement best describes the organization of the passage?

A. The first paragraph describes a general scientific approach and the second paragraph discusses how a specific instance of that approach might have turned out differently.

B. The first paragraph articulates a scientific theory and the second paragraph provides evidence validating that theory

C. The first paragraph provides an overview of a common practice and the second paragraph describes the benefits and drawbacks of that practice.

D. The first paragraph outlines a widespread problem and the second paragraph shows one way the effects of that problem have been mitigated.

E. The first paragraph discusses a line of?research and the second paragraph speculates on how that line of research has changed in response to new evidence.

9. The author of the passage would most likely agree with which of the following statements about river scientists?

A. The emphasis they have placed on particle movements within the reach scale has led to a misuse of Eulerian-based studies.

B. Their preference for studies of fluid mechanics has given them an inaccurate understanding of the processes sediment undergoes during storage.

C. Their use of multiple preconceived reference frames has led to a distorted view of sediment transport.

D. The novel observations about sediment storage they have forgone are offset by their insights into chemical weathering.

E. The attention they have paid to sediment movement is disproportionate to the amount of time sediment is in motion.

10. If, instead of doing what they did, geomorphologists had done what Meade suggests, which of the following would likely have been a consequence?

A. More research focused on floodplains and bars

B. A richer understanding of chemical weathering

C. Considerably fewer studies of fluid mechanics in river science