1. School Finance Equalization Increases Intergenerational Mobility?

學(xué)校財政均等化提高代際流動性

Barbara Biasi

This paper estimates the causal effect of equalizing revenues across school districts on students’ intergenerational mobility. I exploit cohort differences in exposure to equalization generated by state-level reforms. To address the endogeneity of postreform revenues due to household sorting after a reform, I use a simulated-instruments approach that uses newly collected data on states’ funding formulas to simulate revenues without sorting. I find that equalization has a large effect on the mobility of low-income students. Reductions in input gaps between low-income and high-income districts are likely channels behind this effect.

本文估算了學(xué)區(qū)收入均等化對學(xué)生代際流動性的因果效應(yīng)。我利用了州一級改革所產(chǎn)生的平等的隊列差異。為了解決改革后家庭分類導(dǎo)致的改革后收入的內(nèi)生性問題，我采用了模擬工具法，利用新收集的各州資助公式數(shù)據(jù)來模擬沒有分類的收入。我發(fā)現(xiàn)，均衡化對低收入學(xué)生的流動性有很大影響?？s小低收入地區(qū)與高收入地區(qū)之間的投入差距很可能是產(chǎn)生這種效應(yīng)的原因。

2. Understanding the Effects of Workfare Policies on Child Human Capital

工作福利政策對兒童人力資本的影響?

Jorge Rodríguez

Workfare can impact child development by inducing parents to spend less time at home. I study the mechanisms by which workfare policies affect children using the New Hope workfare experiment. The program randomly assigned individuals to a policy bundle including income and childcare subsidies conditional on full-time work. For families with young children, the program had positive effects on child academic performance and classroom behavior. Counterfactual experiments from a dynamic discrete choice model indicate that most of the effect of New Hope on young children is explained by parents enrolling their children in center-based childcare.

工作福利會促使父母減少在家的時間，從而影響兒童的發(fā)展。我們利用 "新希望 "工作福利實驗研究了工作福利政策影響兒童的機制。該計劃將個人隨機分配到一個以全職工作為條件的收入和育兒補貼政策包中。對于有年幼子女的家庭來說，該計劃對兒童的學(xué)習(xí)成績和課堂行為產(chǎn)生了積極影響。動態(tài)離散選擇模型的反事實實驗表明，"新希望 "計劃對幼兒的大部分影響是通過父母將孩子送入以中心為基礎(chǔ)的托兒所來解釋的。

3. A Different Land of Opportunity: The Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the Early Twentieth-Century United States

不一樣的機遇之地： 二十世紀初美國代際流動的地理分布格局

Hui Ren Tan

Has the geography of intergenerational mobility in the United States changed over time? Constructing a large historical linked sample, I show that upward mobility in the early twentieth century was greater for those who grew up in the coastal and industrial regions, in contrast to more recent times, where mobility is higher among persons who were raised in the middle of the country. The historical patterns are not driven by imperfections in record linkage or measurement error in economic status.

4. The Minimum Wage, Self-Employment, and the Online Gig Economy

最低工資、自營職業(yè)和在線零工經(jīng)濟

Benjamin Glasner

This paper estimates the effect of minimum wage increases on work that is not covered by minimum wage laws. I find that minimum wage increases in the early 2000s resulted in small reductions in engagement in traditional self-employment. Following the development of the online gig economy in the 2010s, a 10% increase in the minimum wage increased the number of nonemployer establishments classified as transportation and warehousing services by approximately 2.7%. The counties most likely to exhibit a positive relationship between the minimum wage and participation in uncovered work are those with low labor market concentration and active Uber marketplaces.

本文估算了最低工資上調(diào)對最低工資法未涵蓋工作的影響。我發(fā)現(xiàn)，21 世紀初的最低工資上調(diào)導(dǎo)致從事傳統(tǒng)自營職業(yè)的人數(shù)略有減少。隨著 2010 年代在線 "零工經(jīng)濟 "的發(fā)展，最低工資上調(diào) 10%，被歸類為運輸和倉儲服務(wù)的非雇主企業(yè)數(shù)量增加了約 2.7%。最有可能在最低工資與參與無償工作之間表現(xiàn)出正向關(guān)系的縣是那些勞動力市場集中度低、Uber 市場活躍的縣。

5. Education Transmission and Network Formation

教育傳遞與網(wǎng)絡(luò)形成

Vincent Boucher,Carlo L. Del Bello,Fabrizio Panebianco,Thierry Verdier, and Yves Zenou

We propose a model of intergenerational transmission of education wherein children belong to either highly educated or low-educated families. Children choose the intensity of their social activities, while parents decide how much educational effort to exert. Using Add Health data, we find that, on average, children’s homophily acts as a complement to the educational effort of highly educated parents but as a substitute for the educational effort of low-educated parents. We also find that policies that subsidize kids’ socialization efforts can backfire for low-educated students because they tend to increase their interactions with other low-educated students.

我們提出了一個教育代際傳遞模型，在這個模型中，子女要么屬于高學(xué)歷家庭，要么屬于低學(xué)歷家庭。兒童選擇社交活動的強度，而父母則決定付出多少教育努力。利用 Add Health 數(shù)據(jù)，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，平均而言，子女的同質(zhì)性對高學(xué)歷父母的教育努力起到了補充作用，但對低學(xué)歷父母的教育努力起到了替代作用。我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)，補貼兒童社交努力的政策可能會對低學(xué)歷學(xué)生產(chǎn)生反作用，因為這些政策往往會增加他們與其他低學(xué)歷學(xué)生的互動。

6. Explaining Recent Trends in US School Segregation

美國學(xué)校隔離最近趨勢的解釋

Gregorio Caetano and Vikram Maheshri

From 2002 to 2018, the fraction of minority-segregated public schools in the United States roughly doubled, but the fraction of White-segregated schools decreased at an even faster rate. Endogenous segregation fueled by parents choosing schools on the basis of their racial compositions can in principle dwarf all other determinants of segregation over time because of social multiplier effects. However, we find that demographic change from Hispanic immigration has been the biggest driver of these trends. These findings are particularly pronounced in urban areas, which experienced the largest changes in segregation and are where policy makers are most concerned about the pernicious effects of segregation.

7. Borrowing Constraints and the Dynamics of Return and Repeat Migration

借貸限制與返回和重復(fù)遷移的動態(tài)變化

Joseph-Simon G?rlach

As wages in migrant-sending countries catch up with those in destinations, migrants adjust on several margins, including their duration of stay, the number of migrations they undertake, and the amount saved while abroad. This paper combines Mexican and US data to estimate a dynamic model of consumption, emigration, and remigration, accounting for financial constraints. An increase in Mexican household earnings shortens migration duration but raises the number of trips per migrant. For lower-income migrants, a rise in Mexican wages leads to a more than proportional effect on consumption expenditure in Mexico, arising from repatriated savings.

8. Putting the Husband Through: The Role of Credit Constraints in the Timing of Marriage and Spousal Education

讓丈夫經(jīng)歷： 信貸約束在結(jié)婚時間安排和配偶教育中的作用

Murat Iyigun and Jeanne Lafortune

In the United States, age at first marriage was lowest and the education gap between husbands and wives was highest during the 1950s. The conventional explanation for such a negative correlation is that early marriage leads to earlier and higher fertility, which in turn prevents women from acquiring education. Here, we propose that early marriages enabled couples to overcome credit constraints in education. A model that includes this motive and mechanism can replicate not only the marriage and education patterns observed in the middle of the century in the United States but also the overall trends over the twentieth century.

在美國，20 世紀 50 年代初婚年齡最低，夫妻之間的教育差距最大。對這種負相關(guān)關(guān)系的傳統(tǒng)解釋是，早婚導(dǎo)致更早和更高的生育率，這反過來又阻礙了婦女接受教育。在此，我們提出，早婚使夫妻能夠克服教育方面的信貸限制。包含這一動機和機制的模型不僅可以復(fù)制本世紀中葉在美國觀察到的婚姻和教育模式，還可以復(fù)制 20 世紀的整體趨勢。