第八節(jié) 英漢思維模式對比
中國人受傳統(tǒng)哲學思想的影響,在他們的意識里,人的主體意識、人的重要性
是相當強的。而英語重視客體意識,思維的目標往往指向外界,探求外部客觀
世界對人的影響。這種思維差異反映到語言表達上,就是漢語習慣用表示人的詞
作句子的主語(或潛在的主語),而英語則有用非生物主語的傾向。錢歌川在
《英語疑難詳解》中指出,“我們說中文時,慣常都要用人或生物作主語,而英
文則愛用無生命物作主語。下面這些例句中,“a.”可以說是漢語思維模式,或英漢
思維模式有相通之處,而“b.”則完全是英語思維模式。
1. 不同的人對退休有不同的態(tài)度。
a. Different people have different attitudes towards retirement.
b. Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person.
2.我永遠不會忘記這個教訓(xùn)。
a. I will never forget the lesson.
b. The lesson will be rooted in my memory forever.
3. 由于計劃不夠完善,我不僅浪費了金錢,也浪費了時間。
a. Because of poor planning, I wasted all my money as well as my time.
b. Poor planning wasted all my money as well as my time.
4. 當我因工作繁忙而必須搬家時,瑪麗不得不轉(zhuǎn)學。
Mary had to change schools when my busy work schedule made it necessary for me
to move house.(Mitch Miller?Popularity That Counts)
漢語是兩個短句, 而英語用了一個主從復(fù)合句。
5. 跑了有一百碼,想說些幽默和鼓勵的話,但我氣喘吁吁,說不出話來。
After a hundred yards or so I tried to speak to, to offer some great words of wisdom
and motivation, but my words and my breath failed. (Charles A. Coonradt?Her
Newly-discovered Self)
漢語“氣喘吁吁”的主語是“我”,英語用“my words and my breath”作主語。
6. 整個晚上和他在一起就是聽他一個人講。任何人只要稍微有點和他不同的
看法,哪怕是瑣事,也足以使他幾個小時不停地駁斥。
An evening with him was an evening spent in listening to a monologue. The slightest
hint of disagreement, from anyone, on the most trivial point, was enough to set him
off on a harangue that might last for hours.
上面漢語中,用人作主語;而英語中,全部用物作主語,凸顯了英語的非人稱
主語特色。
7. 我會離家去讀大學,對此我從未有過懷疑。
There was never any question in my mind that I would go to a college away from
home.
這一句使用了“There be…”結(jié)構(gòu)。
8. 我們必須每天做一些鍛煉。It is necessary for us to have exercise every day.
這一句使用了“it”作形式主語。
9. 盡管我期待了好幾個月,但我還是沒有任何心理準備應(yīng)付那一天的到來。
Despite months of anticipation, nothing could have prepared me for the impact of
the actual day.
(Karen Odem?Bittersweet Memories)
這一句使用了“anticipate” 動詞名物化和使役動詞“prepare”。
10. 幾年后,迫于經(jīng)濟上的困難,我就讀過的那所中學關(guān)閉了。雖然再去訪問
母校是不可能了,但是想到我能隨時回憶這些特殊的往事,我感到十分寬慰。
Years later, financial difficulty forced my high school to close its doors for good.
Although going back is impossible, it's comforting to know I can revisit my special
memories any time.
(Karen Odem?Bittersweet Memories)
這一句使用了形容詞“difficult”的名詞化,動名詞短語“going back”作主語,以及“it”
形式主語。