【文獻速遞】【Nature】【2022年】【12月】
聲明：本專欄主要對生命科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的一些期刊文章標題進行翻譯，所有內(nèi)容均由本人手工整理翻譯。由于本人專業(yè)為生物分析相關(guān)，其他領(lǐng)域如果出現(xiàn)翻譯錯誤請諒解。
全息蟲洞
One challenge that stems from the fundamental incompatibility between general relativity and quantum mechanics is that there is no consensus on a theory of quantum gravity. A way to potentially overcome this is through the holographic principle, which says that a system involving gravity can be described by a lower-dimensional quantum system. In this week’s issue, Maria Spiropulu and her colleagues replicate the dynamics of a traversable holographic wormhole by experimentally realizing the corresponding quantum dynamics in a quantum computer using 9-qubits. This is an early step towards studying theories of quantum gravity in the laboratory. In the same quantum chip, the researchers created two entangled quantum systems. They inserted a qubit into one of them and observed the information emerging from the other exhibiting the expected gravitational properties of the traversable wormhole.
廣義相對論和量子力學(xué)之間的根本不相容所帶來的一個挑戰(zhàn)是，對于量子引力理論還沒有達成共識。一種可能克服這一問題的方法是通過全息原理，該原理表明涉及引力的系統(tǒng)可以用低維量子系統(tǒng)來描述。在本周的期刊中，Maria Spiropulu和她的同事通過使用9量子位在量子計算機中通過實驗實現(xiàn)相應(yīng)的量子動力學(xué)來復(fù)制可穿越全息蟲洞的動力學(xué)。這是在實驗室研究量子引力理論的早期步驟。在同一個量子芯片中，研究人員創(chuàng)建了兩個糾纏的量子系統(tǒng)。他們將一個量子位插入其中一個，并觀察從另一個出現(xiàn)的信息，這些信息展示了可穿越蟲洞的預(yù)期引力特性。
The cover shows an artist’s impression of the rich ecosystem that existed in parts of northern Greenland some 2 million years ago. The ecosystem is reconstructed from ancient DNA in this week’s issue by Eske Willerslev and colleagues. Working at the Kap K?benhavn Formation in Peary Land, the researchers gathered sediment samples rich in organic material from 5 different geological sites. By extracting and sequencing DNA from these samples, they were able to piece together a picture of the flora and fauna present around 2 million years ago. The team found evidence of open boreal forest mixed with Arctic species such as cedar, spruce and birch, as well as signs of animals including hares, mastodons, reindeer and geese. The evidence affirms that this part of Greenland, now a polar desert, was 11–17 °C warmer than it is today and suggests it was home to an ecosystem composition that no longer exists anywhere in the world.
封面展示了一位藝術(shù)家對大約200萬年前格陵蘭島北部部分地區(qū)存在的豐富生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的印象。Eske Willerslev 及其同事在本周的一期雜志中根據(jù)古代DNA重建了生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。在Peary Land的Kap K?benhavn地層工作，研究人員從 5 個不同的地質(zhì)地點收集了富含有機物質(zhì)的沉積物樣本。通過從這些樣本中提取DNA并對其進行測序，他們能夠拼湊出大約200萬年前存在的動植物群的圖片。該團隊發(fā)現(xiàn)了開放的北方森林與雪松、云杉和樺樹等北極物種混合的證據(jù)，以及野兔、乳齒象、馴鹿和鵝等動物的跡象。證據(jù)證實，格陵蘭島的這一部分現(xiàn)在是極地沙漠，比現(xiàn)在溫度高11-17 °C，并表明它是世界上任何地方都不再存在的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)組成的家園。
The cover shows clonal raider ants (Ooceraea biroi) tending to pupae and small larvae. Ants are social insects, and their colonies are complex biological systems with sophisticated communication, behaviour and cooperation. In this week’s issue, Daniel Kronauer and his colleagues reveal previously unnoticed social behaviour involving the immobile pupal stage in the insects’ life cycle. The researchers found that, just before hatching, the pupae secrete a nutrient-rich moulting fluid that is analogous to mammalian milk. This fluid is rapidly consumed by adult ants and young larvae, which the adults place on the pupae. The team notes that larvae unable to access the fluid show stunted growth and have a poor survival rate. Similarly, if the secretions aren’t removed from the pupae, they get fungal infections and die. The researchers also find that the fluid contains hormones and psychoactive substances that might influence the physiology and behaviour of the overall colony.
封面展示了克隆入侵者螞蟻（Ooceraea biroi）正在孵化蛹和小幼蟲。螞蟻是社會性昆蟲，它們的蟻群是復(fù)雜的生物系統(tǒng)，具有復(fù)雜的交流、行為和合作。在本周的期刊中，Daniel Kronauer和他的同事揭示了以前未被注意到的社會行為，這些行為涉及昆蟲生命周期中不動的蛹階段。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，就在孵化之前，蛹會分泌一種營養(yǎng)豐富的蛻皮液，類似于哺乳動物的乳汁。這種液體會被成年螞蟻和幼蟲迅速消耗掉，然后被成年螞蟻放在蛹上。該團隊指出，無法接觸液體的幼蟲生長發(fā)育遲緩，存活率很低。同樣，如果不從蛹中清除分泌物，它們就會感染真菌并死亡。研究人員還發(fā)現(xiàn)，液體中含有激素和精神活性物質(zhì)，可能會影響整個群落的生理和行為。
As 2022 enters its final weeks, we look back on the past 12 months through the lens of Nature’s 10 — ten people who helped to shape science during the year. The cover takes its inspiration from the stunning images that have so far emerged from the James Webb Space Telescope. Launched on Christmas Day 2021, the telescope sent its first image back to Earth this summer and has since provided astronomers with views of the Universe in unprecedented detail.
隨著2022年進入最后幾周，我們通過《自然》雜志的10位人物——在這一年幫助塑造科學(xué)的十位人物——的鏡頭回顧過去12個月。封面的靈感來自詹姆斯·韋伯太空望遠鏡迄今出現(xiàn)的令人驚嘆的圖像。該望遠鏡于2021年圣誕節(jié)發(fā)射升空，今年夏天將其第一張圖像發(fā)回地球，此后以前所未有的細節(jié)為天文學(xué)家提供了宇宙景觀。
1.Fossil find suggests ancestral bird beak was mobile
化石發(fā)現(xiàn)表明祖先鳥喙是流動的
2.Rapid warming linked to leap in tropical ocean seasonality
快速變暖與熱帶海洋季節(jié)的飛躍有關(guān)
3.Uncoordinated protein coordinates cell migration
不協(xié)調(diào)的蛋白質(zhì)坐標細胞遷移
4.Folate transporter offers clues for anticancer drugs
葉酸運輸?shù)鞍滋峁┛拱┧幬锏木€索
5.From the archive: a shared motivation for scientists, and mirages
來自檔案：科學(xué)家的共同動機和幻影
6.A holographic wormhole traversed in a quantum computer
量子計算機中穿過的全息蟲洞
7.Dendrocentric learning for synthetic intelligence
綜合智能的樹突為中心學(xué)習(xí)
8.Traversable wormhole dynamics on a quantum processor
量子處理器上的可遍歷蟲洞動力學(xué)
9.A photonic integrated continuous-travelling-wave parametric amplifier
光子集成連續(xù)行波參量放大器
10.An integrated imaging sensor for aberration-corrected 3D photography
一個用于像差校正的3D攝影的集成成像傳感器
11.Discovery of chalcogenides structures and compositions using mixed fluxes
使用混合通量發(fā)現(xiàn)硫族化物結(jié)構(gòu)和成分
12.A tape-reading molecular ratchet
膠帶閱讀分子棘輪
13.Quantifying the cost savings of global solar photovoltaic supply chains
量化全球太陽能光伏電源鏈節(jié)省的成本
14.Deglacial increase of seasonal temperature variability in the tropical ocean
熱帶海洋中季節(jié)性溫度變化的冰川增加
15.Warm pool ocean heat content regulates ocean–continent moisture transport
溫池海洋熱含量調(diào)節(jié)海洋-大陸水分輸送
16.Cretaceous ornithurine supports a neognathous crown bird ancestor
白堊紀鳥氨酸支持新頜冠鳥祖先
17.Single-cell genomic variation induced by mutational processes in cancer
癌癥突變過程誘導(dǎo)的單細胞基因組變異
18.Muscles that move the retina augment compound eye vision in Drosophila
移動視網(wǎng)膜的肌肉增強了果蠅的復(fù)眼視力
19.Medin co-aggregates with vascular amyloid-β in Alzheimer’s disease
Medin在阿爾茨海默病中與血管淀粉樣蛋白-β共聚集
20.Direct activation of a bacterial innate immune system by a viral capsid protein
通過病毒衣殼蛋白直接激活細菌先天免疫系統(tǒng)
21.Liver tumour immune microenvironment subtypes and neutrophil heterogeneity
肝腫瘤免疫微環(huán)境亞型和中性粒細胞異質(zhì)性
22.MYC multimers shield stalled replication forks from RNA polymerase
MYC多聚體屏蔽RNA聚合酶停滯的復(fù)制叉
23.Structural principles of B cell antigen receptor assembly
B細胞抗原受體組件的結(jié)構(gòu)原理
24.Structural basis of tankyrase activation by polymerization
聚合通過聚合激活的結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)
25.Recognition of cyclic dinucleotides and folates by human SLC19A1
識別人類SLC19A1的環(huán)狀二核苷酸和葉酸
26.When did mammoths go extinct?
猛犸象什么時候滅絕的？
27.Reply to: When did mammoths go extinct?
回復(fù)：猛犸象什么時候滅絕的？
28.Strange flashes linked to stars merging rather than dying
奇怪的閃光與恒星合并而不是死亡有關(guān)
29.Plastics can be a carbon sink but only under stringent conditions
塑料可以成為碳匯，但只有在嚴格的條件下
30.Speed of learning depends on turning
學(xué)習(xí)速度取決于轉(zhuǎn)向
31.Driven quantum bits push computational limit
驅(qū)動的量子位推動計算極限
32.Swollen axons impair neuronal circuits in Alzheimer’s disease
腫脹的軸突會損害阿爾茨海默氏病的神經(jīng)元電路
33.From the archive: statistical marvels, and the quest for insulin
來自檔案：統(tǒng)計奇跡和對胰島素的追求
34.A viral cocktail calms gut inflammation
病毒雞尾酒平靜腸道炎癥
35.A kilonova following a long-duration gamma-ray burst at 350 Mpc
350Mpc的長時間伽馬射線爆發(fā)后的千新星
36.A nearby long gamma-ray burst from a merger of compact objects
附近的長伽馬射線從緊湊的物體合并中爆發(fā)
37.A long-duration gamma-ray burst with a peculiar origin
具有特殊起源的長時間伽馬射線暴
38.Gigaelectronvolt emission from a compact binary merger
緊湊型二元合并的千兆電子伏特發(fā)射
39.Formation of robust bound states of interacting microwave photons
相互作用的微波光子的穩(wěn)健結(jié)合狀態(tài)的形成
40.Spin–orbit microlaser emitting in a four-dimensional Hilbert space
在四維希爾伯特空間中的自旋軌道微激光發(fā)射
41.Integrated femtosecond pulse generator on thin-film lithium niobate
鈮酸鋰薄膜上的集成飛秒脈沖發(fā)生器
42.Chiral assemblies of pinwheel superlattices on substrates
基板上風(fēng)車超晶格的手性組裝
43.Perovskite solar cells based on screen-printed thin films
基于屏幕打印薄膜的鈣鈦礦太陽能電池
44.Plastic futures and their CO2 emissions
塑料期貨及其二氧化碳排放
45.Hydroclimatic vulnerability of peat carbon in the central Congo Basin
中央剛果盆地泥炭碳的氫化氣候脆弱性
46.A 2-million-year-old ecosystem in Greenland uncovered by environmental DNA
環(huán)境DNA發(fā)現(xiàn)的一個200萬歷史的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)
47.THP9 enhances seed protein content and nitrogen-use efficiency in maize
THP9增強了玉米中種子蛋白含量和氮的利用效率
48.Common and rare variant associations with clonal haematopoiesis phenotypes
與克隆性造血表型的常見和稀有變體關(guān)聯(lián)
49.The encoding of touch by somatotopically aligned dorsal column subdivisions
體表排列的背柱細分對觸摸的編碼
50.Dopamine promotes head direction plasticity during orienting movements
多巴胺在定向運動過程中促進頭部方向可塑性
51.Filopodia are a structural substrate for silent synapses in adult neocortex
絲狀蟲是成人新皮層中靜音突觸的結(jié)構(gòu)底物
52.PLD3 affects axonal spheroids and network defects in Alzheimer’s disease
PLD3影響阿爾茨海默氏病的軸突球體和網(wǎng)絡(luò)缺陷
53.Ferroptosis of tumour neutrophils causes immune suppression in cancer
腫瘤嗜中性粒細胞的鐵凋亡會導(dǎo)致癌癥的免疫抑制
54.Colon tumour cell death causes mTOR dependence by paracrine P2X4 stimulation
結(jié)腸腫瘤細胞死亡導(dǎo)致旁分泌P2X4刺激導(dǎo)致mTOR依賴性
55.Molecular basis for selective activation of DREADD-based chemogenetics
選擇性激活基于DREADD的化學(xué)遺傳學(xué)的分子基礎(chǔ)
56.A fluid role in ant society as adults give larvae ‘milk’ from pupae
當成年螞蟻從蛹中給幼蟲“牛奶”時，螞蟻社會中的流動角色
57.Telltale loops bring news from the Galactic black hole
Telltale循環(huán)帶來銀河黑洞的消息
58.How a malaria parasite becomes a male
瘧疾寄生蟲如何變成男性
59.Twin techniques narrow search for elusive Majorana particles
孿生技術(shù)縮小了對難以捉摸的馬約拉納粒子的搜索范圍
60.Herbivores drive scarcity of some nitrogen-fixing tropical trees
食草動物驅(qū)動一些固氮的熱帶樹的稀缺性
61.From the archive: human memory, and fungal cultivation by ants
來自檔案：人類記憶和螞蟻的真菌種植
62.Cause of the 2020 surge in atmospheric methane clarified
大氣甲烷的2020年激增的原因
63.How plant roots go with the flow
植物根系如何隨波逐流
64.Brain borders at the central stage of neuroimmunology
神經(jīng)免疫學(xué)的中心腦邊界
65.A very luminous jet from the disruption of a star by a massive black hole
一顆恒星被大質(zhì)量黑洞破壞后產(chǎn)生的非常明亮的射流
66.Disorder-assisted assembly of strongly correlated fluids of light
強烈相關(guān)的光流體的混亂輔助組裝
67.Majorana-like Coulomb spectroscopy in the absence of zero-bias peaks
沒有零偏峰的馬約拉納樣庫侖譜
68.Singlet and triplet Cooper pair splitting in hybrid superconducting nanowires
混合超導(dǎo)納米線中的單線態(tài)和三線態(tài)庫珀對分裂
69.Spin cross-correlation experiments in an electron entangler
電子糾纏器中的自旋互相關(guān)實驗
70.Anomalous thermal transport under high pressure in boron arsenide
在高壓下硼芳烴的異常熱傳輸
71.Cumulative polarization in conductive interfacial ferroelectrics
導(dǎo)電界面鐵電體中的累積極化
72.Enantioselective sensing by collective circular dichroism
集體圓二色性對映選擇性傳感
73.Wetland emission and atmospheric sink changes explain methane growth in 2020
濕地排放和大氣下水道變化解釋了2020年甲烷的生長
74.Widespread herbivory cost in tropical nitrogen-fixing tree species
熱帶固氮樹種中廣泛的草食成本
75.The pupal moulting fluid has evolved social functions in ants
蛹蛻皮液在螞蟻中進化出社會功能
76.Genomic signature of Fanconi anaemia DNA repair pathway deficiency in cancer
癌癥中范可尼貧血DNA修復(fù)通路缺陷的基因組特征
77.Patterned cPCDH expression regulates the fine organization of the neocortex
圖案化的cPCDH表達調(diào)節(jié)新皮層的良好組織
78.Kinase signalling in excitatory neurons regulates sleep quantity and depth
興奮性神經(jīng)元中的激酶信號調(diào)節(jié)睡眠數(shù)量和深度
79.A signalling pathway for transcriptional regulation of sleep amount in mice
小鼠睡眠量轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控的信號傳導(dǎo)途徑
80.A transcriptional switch controls sex determination in Plasmodium falciparum
轉(zhuǎn)錄開關(guān)控制惡性瘧原蟲中的性別確定
81.In vitro production of infectious Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites
感染性惡性瘧原蟲子孢子的體外產(chǎn)生
82.Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 isolates in rodents
嚙齒動物中SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4和BA.5分離株的表征
83.A plant-derived natural photosynthetic system for improving cell anabolism
一種用于改善細胞合成代謝的植物衍生的自然光合系統(tǒng)
84.Ras drives malignancy through stem cell crosstalk with the microenvironment
Ras通過干細胞與微環(huán)境的串擾驅(qū)動惡性腫瘤
85.Structural variants drive context-dependent oncogene activation in cancer
結(jié)構(gòu)變體驅(qū)動癌癥中依賴上下文的癌基因激活
86.Gut microbes shape athletic motivation
腸道微生物塑造運動動力
87.Genetics and anatomy sculpt immune-cell partners of ovarian cancer
卵巢癌的遺傳學(xué)和解剖學(xué)塑造免疫細胞伴侶
88.An energetic look at the life in logged forests
充滿活力看待登錄森林的生活
89.Molecular engineering enables bright blue LEDs
分子工程產(chǎn)生明亮的藍色LED
90.A refined use of mutations to guide immunotherapy decisions
突變的精致使用來指導(dǎo)免疫療法決策
91.X-rays reveal the magnetic field lighting up a stellar graveyard
X射線揭示了磁場點燃了一個恒星墓地
92.Bats, neuroimaging and the origins of life: a year of remarkable science
蝙蝠，神經(jīng)影像和生命的起源：杰出科學(xué)的一年
93.Topological kagome magnets and superconductors
拓撲kagome磁鐵和超導(dǎo)體
94.Vela pulsar wind nebula X-rays are polarized to near the synchrotron limit
Vela脈沖星風(fēng)星云X射線被偏振到接近同步加速器極限
95.Distributed quantum sensing with mode-entangled spin-squeezed atomic states
具有模式糾纏自旋壓縮原子態(tài)的分布式量子傳感
96.Topological lattices realized in superconducting circuit optomechanics
超導(dǎo)電路光機械中實現(xiàn)的拓撲格
97.A membrane-based seawater electrolyser for hydrogen generation
氫生成的基于膜的海水電解劑
98.Synthesis-on-substrate of quantum dot solids
量子點固體的合成固定物
99.Additive manufacturing of micro-architected metals via hydrogel infusion
通過水凝膠輸注的微構(gòu)造金屬的添加劑制造
100.Condensed-phase isomerization through tunnelling gateways
通過隧道網(wǎng)路冷凝期異構(gòu)化
101.Strong cloud–circulation coupling explains weak trade cumulus feedback
強云環(huán)流耦合解釋弱貿(mào)易積云反饋
102.Global hotspots of salt marsh change and carbon emissions
鹽沼變動和碳排放的全球熱點
103.Logged tropical forests have amplified and diverse ecosystem energetics
被砍伐的熱帶森林擴大了多樣化的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)能量
104.Microbial predators form a new supergroup of eukaryotes
微生物捕食者形成了一個新的真核生物超群
105.Genetic diversity fuels gene discovery for tobacco and alcohol use
遺傳多樣性推動煙草和酒精使用的基因發(fā)現(xiàn)
106.A male germ-cell-specific ribosome controls male fertility
雄性生殖細胞特異性核糖體控制男性生育能力
107.Primate gastrulation and early organogenesis at single-cell resolution
單細胞分辨率下的靈長類動物胃和早期器官發(fā)生
108.A microbiome-dependent gut–brain pathway regulates motivation for exercise
微生物組依賴的腸-腦通路調(diào)節(jié)運動動機
109.Close relatives of MERS-CoV in bats use ACE2 as their functional receptors
蝙蝠中MERS-CoV的近親,使用ACE2作為其功能受體
110.SARS-CoV-2 infection and persistence in the human body and brain at autopsy
尸檢時人體和大腦中的SARS-COV-2感染和持久性
111.Decoupling of respiration rates and abundance in marine prokaryoplankton
海洋原核浮游生物呼吸率和豐度的解耦
112.Autoimmunity-associated T cell receptors recognize HLA-B*27-bound peptides
自身免疫相關(guān)的T細胞受體識別HLA-B*27邊界肽
113.Ovarian cancer mutational processes drive site-specific immune evasion
卵巢癌突變過程驅(qū)動現(xiàn)場特異性免疫逃避
114.Human fetal cerebellar cell atlas informs medulloblastoma origin and oncogenesis
人類胎兒小腦細胞圖譜揭示髓母細胞瘤起源和腫瘤發(fā)生
115.Structural insights into the mechanism of the sodium/iodide symporter
鈉/碘化物同向轉(zhuǎn)運體機制的結(jié)構(gòu)洞察
116.Climate versus tectonics as controls on river profiles
氣候與構(gòu)造作為河流剖面的控制
117.Reply to: Climate versus tectonics as controls on river profiles
回復(fù)：氣候與構(gòu)造作為河流剖面的控制
118.Black carbon attribution
黑炭歸屬地
119.Reply to: Black carbon attribution
回復(fù)：黑炭歸屬地
