【簡譯】以弗所（Ephesus）

2023-07-01 14:22 作者:神尾智代 0人讀過 | 我要投稿

According legend, Ephesus (also Ephesos) was founded by the tribe of the Amazons, great female warriors. The name of the city is thought to have been derived from "Apasas", the name of a city in the "Kingdom of Arzawa" meaning the "city of the Mother Goddess".

? ? ? ? ? 根據(jù)傳說，以弗所（又稱Ephesos）是由偉大的女戰(zhàn)士Amazons部落（在希臘神話中，Las Amazonas是一個(gè)以騎術(shù)、勇氣和驕傲而聞名的女性戰(zhàn)士種族）建立的。這座城市的名字據(jù)信源自阿爾薩瓦王國的一座城市的名稱“Apasa”，意思是“母神之城”。

Some scholars maintain that the sign of the labrys, the double-axe of the mother goddess which adorned the palace at Knossos, Crete, originated in Ephesus. As the labrys was associated only with female deities in Crete, it is possible that it was originally associated with the goddess Artemis in Ephesus whose temple there was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

? ? ? ? ? 一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為，裝飾在克里特島克諾索斯宮殿上的雙頭斧 (Labrys)標(biāo)志，即母神的雙斧，起源于以弗所。由于雙頭斧 (Labrys)在克里特島只與女性神靈有關(guān)，因此有可能它最初與以弗所的阿耳忒彌斯女神有關(guān)，以弗所的神廟是古代世界七大奇跡之一。

Ephesus was inhabited from the end of the Bronze Age onwards, but the location was changed owing to floods and the whims of various rulers. While Carians and Lelegians were among the city's first inhabitants, Ionian migrations began around 1200 BCE and Ephesus is chiefly known as a Ionian Greek city. Ephesus is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

? ? ? ? ? 以弗所從青銅時(shí)代末期開始就有人居住，但由于洪水和各個(gè)統(tǒng)治者的突發(fā)奇想而搬遷。雖然卡里亞人和Lelegians人是城市的第一批居民，但愛奧尼亞人的遷徙始于公元前1200年左右，以弗所主要是作為一個(gè)愛奧尼亞希臘城市而聞名。以弗所被聯(lián)合國教科文組織列為世界文化遺產(chǎn)。

希臘以弗所

The city was founded for the second time by the Ionian Androclus, son of Codrus, and the cities that were established after the Ionian migrations joined in a confederacy under the leadership of the city of Ephesus. The region was devastated during the Cimmerian invasion at the beginning of the 7th century BCE but, under the rule of the Lydian kings, Ephesus became one of the wealthiest cities in the Mediterranean world through trade.

? ? ? ? ? 這座城市是由科德魯斯的兒子愛奧尼亞安德羅克里斯第二次建立的，愛奧尼亞人遷徙后建立的城市在以弗所城的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下聯(lián)合成一個(gè)聯(lián)盟。公元前7世紀(jì)初，該地區(qū)在辛梅里亞人的入侵中遭到破壞，但在呂底亞國王的統(tǒng)治下，以弗所通過貿(mào)易成為地中海世界最富有的城市之一。

Ephesus was a center of learning and the birthplace and home of the great Pre-Socratic philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus (l.c. 500 BCE). Women enjoyed rights and privileges equal to men and there are records of female artists, sculptors, painters and teachers, including the artist Timarete (l.c. 5th century BCE), known for her painting of Artemis. At night the streets of the city were brightly lit with oil lamps, a luxury not many cities could afford, and the citizens enjoyed a significantly high standard of living.

? ? ? ? ? 以弗所是學(xué)術(shù)中心，也是偉大的前蘇格拉底哲學(xué)家赫拉克利特（約公元前500年）的出生地和故鄉(xiāng)。女性享有與男性同等的權(quán)利和特權(quán)，有女性藝術(shù)家、雕塑家、畫家和教師的記錄，包括藝術(shù)家蒂馬雷特（約公元前5世紀(jì)），她以畫阿耳忒彌斯而聞名。晚上，到了晚上，城市的街道上都亮起了油燈，這是很多城市都承擔(dān)不起的奢侈品，市民們享受著相當(dāng)高的生活水平。

Under the rule of King Croesus of Lydia (c. 585-c. 546 BCE), construction of the great Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was begun, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It was destroyed, the first time, by fire in 356 BCE, (the same night Alexander the Great was born) by a man who wanted to become famous for this act; consequently, the Ephesians refused to record his name (though it later became known).

? ? ? ? ? 在呂底亞國王克洛伊索斯的統(tǒng)治下（約公元前585-546年），以弗所的阿耳忒彌斯神廟開始興建，這是古代世界七大奇跡之一。公元前356年，它第一次被火燒毀，（就在亞歷山大大帝出生的當(dāng)晚），被一個(gè)想以此出名的人燒毀；因此，以弗所人拒絕記錄他的名字（盡管后來人們知道了）。

The defeat of Croesus by Cyrus II (the Great, r. c. 550-530 BCE), King of Persia, brought the whole of Anatolia under Persian rule but Ephesus continued to prosper as an important port of trade. When the Ionian city-states rebelled against Persian rule in the 5th century BCE, Ephesus remained neutral and thus escaped the destruction suffered by so many other cities at the hands of the Persians.

? ? ? ? ?波斯國王居魯士二世（約公元前550-530年）打敗了克洛伊索斯，使整個(gè)安納托利亞處于波斯人的統(tǒng)治之下，但以弗所作為一個(gè)重要的貿(mào)易港口繼續(xù)繁榮。公元前5世紀(jì)，當(dāng)愛奧尼亞城邦反叛波斯統(tǒng)治時(shí)，以弗所保持中立，從而避免了許多其他城市在波斯人手中遭受的破壞。

希臘化時(shí)期的以弗所

Ephesus remained under Persian rule until liberated by Alexander the Great in 334 BCE. Upon entering Ephesus, and seeing the reconstruction of the Temple of Artemis not yet complete, Alexander offered to rebuild it. The Ephesians, however, refused his offer, claiming it was not seemly for one god to build a temple to another, flattering Alexander as a deity, as they did not wish to be in his debt.

? ? ? ? ? 以弗所一直處于波斯人的統(tǒng)治之下，直到公元前334年被亞歷山大大帝解放出來。進(jìn)入以弗所后，看到重建的阿耳特彌斯神廟尚未完工，亞歷山大提出要重建它。然而，以弗所人拒絕了他的提議，聲稱一個(gè)神為另一個(gè)神建廟是不合適的，因?yàn)樗麄儾幌Ｍ穪啔v山大人情。

Lysimachus, one of the generals of Alexander who became ruler of the region after Alexander's death, began renewal and development of the city, which he called Arsineia after his wife Arsinoe II. He constructed a new harbor, built defensive walls on the slopes of the Panayyr and Bülbül mountains and moved the city approximately two miles south-west. The Ephesians, however, refused to leave their homes and the traditional site of their city so Lysimachus had the city's sewage system blocked up during a great storm, thus rendering the houses uninhabitable and forcing the citizens to move. In 281 BCE the city was re-founded under the old name of Ephesus and, again, was known as one of the most important commercial ports in the Mediterranean.

? ? ? ? ? 利西馬科斯是亞歷山大的將軍之一，在亞歷山大死后成為該地區(qū)的統(tǒng)治者，他開始修整和發(fā)展這個(gè)城市，他以他妻子阿爾西諾伊二世的名字命名為阿西內(nèi)亞 (Arsineia)。他建造了一個(gè)新的港口，在Panayyr和Bülbül山的山坡上建造了防御墻，并將城市遷往西南約兩英里處。然而，以弗所人拒絕離開他們的家園和城市的傳統(tǒng)遺址，所以利西馬庫斯在一場大風(fēng)暴中把城市的下水道系統(tǒng)堵住了，從而使房屋無法居住，迫使市民搬遷。公元前281年，這座城市以以弗所的舊名重新建立，并再次成為地中海最重要的商業(yè)港口之一。

羅馬以弗所

In 129 BCE the Roman Empire acquired Ephesus according to the will left by Attalos, King of Pergamon, by which they were bequeathed his kingdom. During this time, the heavy taxes imposed by the Roman government led to the rebellion of Mithridates VI (r. 120-63 BCE) and, in 88 BCE, a massacre of all the Latin speaking inhabitants of the city (and surrounding regions) was carried out during the event that has come to be known as the Asiatic Vespers. Planned and implemented by Mithridates VI, the Asiatic Vespers resulted in the deaths of over 80,000 Romans and Italian citizens in the region of Asia Minor in a single day and Ephesus, of course, suffered significant losses with the other cities and villages.

? ? ? ? ? 公元前129年，羅馬帝國根據(jù)帕加馬國王阿塔羅斯留下的遺囑獲得了以弗所，并遺贈(zèng)了他的王國。在此期間，羅馬政府征收的重稅激起了米特拉達(dá)梯六世（公元前120-63年）的叛亂，并在公元前88年對(duì)該城（及周邊地區(qū)）所有講拉丁語的居民進(jìn)行了大屠殺，這一事件被稱為“亞洲晚禱”（Asiatic Vespers）。在米特拉達(dá)梯六世的策劃和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，“亞洲晚禱”（Asiatic Vespers）導(dǎo)致小亞細(xì)亞地區(qū)8萬多羅馬人和意大利公民在一天內(nèi)死亡，當(dāng)然，以弗所與其他城市和村莊一樣也遭受了重大損失。

Ephesus suffered severe damage in an earthquake in 17 CE but, after recovering, became once more a very important center of trade and commerce. The historian Aristio, and others, describe Ephesus as being recognized by all the inhabitants of the region as the most important trading center in Asia. It also remained a leading political and intellectual center, boasting the impressive Celsus Library and the second school of philosophy in the Aegean.

? ? ? ? ? 以弗所在公元17年的一次地震中遭受了嚴(yán)重的破壞，但在恢復(fù)后，再次成為一個(gè)非常重要的貿(mào)易和商業(yè)中心。歷史學(xué)家阿里斯托和其他人將以弗所描述為被該地區(qū)所有居民認(rèn)可的亞洲最重要的商業(yè)中心。它也仍然是一個(gè)著名的政治和知識(shí)中心，擁有令人印象深刻的塞爾蘇斯圖書館和愛琴海的第二所哲學(xué)學(xué)校。

From the 1st century CE onwards, Ephesus was visited repeatedly by early Christians (most notably Saint Paul, who preached and was 'booed' in the theater there), and Mary, the mother of Jesus, is said to have retired there along with Saint John (John's tomb and Mary's house may still be visited today). The Biblical Book of Ephesians is an epistle written by Paul to the Christian community at Ephesus. The city became famous in later times for the Cave of the Seven Sleepers who were reputed to be seven Christian saints who were walled up in a cave above Ephesus for their faith in 'pagan times', slept for two hundred years, and emerged after Christianity had come to power, thus proving the 'truth' of the faith in the resurrection of the body.

? ? ? ??從公元1世紀(jì)開始，早期的基督徒多次訪問以弗所（特別是圣保羅，他在劇院傳教并遭到噓聲；據(jù)說耶穌的母親瑪利亞和圣約翰一起在那里隱居，今天仍可參觀約翰的墳?zāi)购同斃麃喌姆孔樱?。圣?jīng)中的《以弗所書》是保羅寫給以弗所的基督教團(tuán)體的一封書信。這座城市在后世因七位沉睡者的洞穴而聞名，據(jù)說這七位基督教圣徒在“異教時(shí)代”因其信仰而被關(guān)在以弗所上部的洞穴中，沉睡了兩百年，在基督教掌權(quán)后出現(xiàn)，從而證明了身體復(fù)活的信仰的“真理”。

衰? ? ?落

After Christianity became the dominant religion of the region, Ephesus declined in culture and intellectual pursuits. The Emperor Theodosius I (r. 379-395 CE), an ardent supporter of Christianity, had all of the pagan temples and schools closed and women were reduced to second-class citizen status, no longer allowed to teach men or work independently in the arts. The decrees of Theodosius I resulted in similar changes elsewhere but seem more dramatic in Ephesus owing to the high degree of culture the city enjoyed prior to the rise of Christianity.

? ? ? ? ? 在基督教成為該地區(qū)的主流宗教后，以弗所的文化和知識(shí)追求都有所下降?；实鄣見W多西一世（379-395年）是基督教的熱情支持者，他關(guān)閉了所有的異教寺廟和學(xué)校，女性被降為二等公民，無權(quán)教導(dǎo)男性或獨(dú)立從事藝術(shù)工作。狄奧多西一世的法令在其他地方也導(dǎo)致了類似的變化，但在以弗所似乎更具有戲劇性，因?yàn)樵诨浇膛d起之前，該城市享有高度的文化自由。

Worship of the ancient mother goddess Artemis was forbidden and the Temple of Artemis was destroyed by a Christian mob, the ruins used as a quarry for building materials for other local projects such as churches. The streets, once adorned with statuary, highly maintained and lighted by the oil lamps at night, fell into decay and darkness as the attention of the now-Christian citizens of Ephesus was directed toward the Second Coming of The Light of the World, the new god Jesus Christ.

? ? ? ? ? 對(duì)古代母神阿耳忒彌斯的崇拜被禁止，阿耳忒彌斯神廟被基督教暴徒摧毀，廢墟被用作當(dāng)?shù)仄渌?xiàng)目的建筑材料的采石場，如教堂。曾經(jīng)用雕像裝飾的街道，受到高度維護(hù)，晚上被油燈照亮，但隨著以弗所公民（現(xiàn)在是基督徒）的注意（新神耶穌基督的第二次降臨），街道變得年久失修和黑暗。